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Ions are atoms or molecules bearing an electrical charge. A cation (a positive ion) forms when a neutral atom loses one or more electrons from its valence shell, and an anion (a negative ion) forms when a neutral atom gains one or more electrons in its valence shell. Compounds composed of ions are called ionic compounds (or salts), and their constituent ions are held together by ionic bonds: electrostatic forces of attraction between oppositely charged cations and anions. 
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Substances that undergo either a physical or a chemical change in solution to yield ions that can conduct electricity are called electrolytes. If a substance yields ions in solution, that is, if the compound undergoes 100% dissociation, then the substance is a strong electrolyte. Complete dissociation is indicated by a single forward arrow. For example, water-soluble ionic compounds like sodium chloride dissociate into sodium cations and chloride anions in aqueous solution.
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Structurally flexible pyrrolidinium- and morpholinium-based ionic liquid electrolytes.

Sourav Bhowmick1, Gaurav Tatrari1, Andrei Filippov1

  • 1Chemistry of Interfaces, Lulea University of Technology, SE-971 87 Lulea, Sweden. faiz.ullah@ltu.se.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids show promise as high-temperature supercapacitor electrolytes due to their fast ion transport and good electrochemical properties, outperforming morpholinium-based counterparts.

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Area of Science:

  • Electrochemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Ionic liquids (ILs) are salts that are liquid at ambient temperatures, offering unique properties for electrochemical applications.
  • Structurally flexible cations like pyrrolidinium (Pyrr) and morpholinium (Morph) can influence IL properties.
  • Oligoether phosphate anions are explored for their potential in IL electrolytes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the physico-chemical and electrochemical properties of Pyrr- and Morph-based ILs with oligoether phosphate anions.
  • To evaluate the performance of these ILs as electrolytes in high-temperature supercapacitors.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis and characterization of Pyrr- and Morph-based ionic liquids.
  • Measurement of ion transport properties, thermal stability, glass transition temperatures, and electrochemical stability windows.
  • Electrochemical testing of symmetric graphite supercapacitors at elevated temperatures.

Main Results:

  • All ILs exhibited high thermal stability, low glass transition temperatures, and wide electrochemical stability windows.
  • Pyrr-based ILs demonstrated faster cation and anion diffusion compared to Morph-based ILs.
  • Pyrr-based ILs achieved a specific capacitance of 164 F g⁻¹ at 1 mV s⁻¹, power density of 609 W kg⁻¹, and energy density of 27 W h kg⁻¹ at 90 °C.

Conclusions:

  • Pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids with oligoether phosphate anions are promising electrolytes for high-temperature supercapacitors.
  • The structural flexibility of the cation significantly impacts ion mobility and supercapacitor performance.
  • These ILs offer a viable alternative for advanced energy storage applications requiring elevated operating temperatures.