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Teaching Observation as a Faculty Development Tool in Medical Education: A Scoping Review
Simon Kitto1, Natalia Danilovich, Paula Rowland
1Dr. Kitto: Director of Research, Office of Continuing Professional Development and Professor, Department of Innovation in Medical Education, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, and Professor of Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University Singapore, Singapore. Dr. Danilovich: Research Associate, Office of Continuing Professional Development, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Rowland: Scientist, Post MD and Wilson Centre, University of Toronto, Strategic Advisor, Centre for Interprofessional Education, University of Toronto, and Assistant Professor, Department of Occupational Science and Occupational Therapy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Leslie: Professor of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Staff Pediatrician, Division of Adolescent Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Hendry: Vice-Dean of Continuing Professional Development and Professor of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, and Cardiac Surgeon, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Ms. Hodgson: Health Sciences Librarian, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Mr. Fantaye: Research Associate, Office of Continuing Professional Development, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. Dr. Lochnan: Assistant Dean, Office of Continuing Professional Development, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Head, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Professor, Department of Medicine, The Ottawa Hospital, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Teaching observation in medical education is underused despite faculty appreciation. This scoping review highlights challenges in research quality and sustainability for faculty development (FD) programs using observation methods.
Area of Science:
- Medical Education
- Faculty Development
- Health Professions Education
Background:
- Faculty development (FD) in health professions education often utilizes teaching observation to enhance faculty skills and student outcomes.
- Despite positive reception, observation-based FD approaches are underutilized and underreported, with limited workplace feedback opportunities.
Purpose of the Study:
- To conduct a scoping review of the literature on the use of teaching observation as a professional development tool in medical education.
- To map the depth and breadth of existing research in this area.
Main Methods:
- A scoping review methodology following Arksey and O'Malley was employed.
- Searches were conducted across four databases for English-language articles, with final searches in April 2022.
Main Results:
- Out of 2080 identified articles, 45 met the inclusion criteria.
- Peer observation of teaching (51%) was the most common FD approach, often formative (73%), voluntary (60%), and in clinical settings (47%).
- Common characteristics included one-off (40%), in-person interventions (65%) with limited institutional support (29%), and identified barriers/challenges.
Conclusions:
- The review identified significant challenges, including poor research quality, inconsistent terminology, and a lack of understanding regarding sustainable FD programs.
- Practical strategies for designing effective FD programs incorporating teaching observation are presented.
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