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Related Concept Videos

Overview of Protein Sorting and Transport01:45

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Eukaryotic cells have different membrane-bound organelles with distinct protein requirements. The process by which proteins are targeted to a specific organelle is called protein sorting.
Protein sorting can be of two types: signal-based sorting and vesicle-based trafficking. In signal-based sorting, specific amino acid sequences called sorting signals target proteins to the proper location inside the cell either via gated transport or by protein translocation.  In gated transport, folded...
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Biological membranes are more than just a barrier separating cell cytoplasm from the outside environment. They are highly dynamic and help maintain the integrity and physiological stability of the cells as well as membrane-bound organelles. Membranes also play vital roles in cell-to-cell and intracellular communication.
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Mitochondria are double-membrane organelles of the eukaryotes involved in cellular metabolism, signaling, ATP synthesis, and programmed cell death.  Each of these processes requires specific proteins and enzymes that must be correctly sorted to the right mitochondrial subcompartment for the proper functioning of the organelle.
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Essential proteins such as insulin or low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and micronutrients such as iron enter a eukaryotic cell through receptor-mediated endocytosis. Subsequently, the early endosomes fuse with the vesicles containing such receptor-ligand complexes and play a vital role in sorting the incoming ligands and receptors. While the ligands are either degraded inside the vesicle or released into the cytosol, their receptors are returned to the plasma membrane for further rounds of...
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Signal sequences are short amino acid sequences that guide newly synthesized proteins to their proper location within the cell. Classical signal sequences are fifteen to sixty amino acids long and present at the N-terminus of a polypeptide chain. Each signal sequence has a conserved segment of basic residues towards their N terminus, a hydrophobic core, and a C-terminus rich in polar residues. The C-terminus also contains a signal cleavage site and features a -3 -1 sequence motif. The -3-1...
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The membrane domains concentrate specific lipids and proteins at one place within the membrane, which helps in cell signaling, adhesion, and other critical cellular processes. These domains can differ in size, composition, function, and lifespan.
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Updated: Jul 22, 2025

Lipid Droplet Isolation for Quantitative Mass Spectrometry Analysis
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Lipid Sorting and Organelle Identity.

Yeongho Kim1, Christopher G Burd2

  • 1Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|July 24, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cellular organelles form two distinct membrane territories based on lipid properties, maintained by membrane trafficking and lipid transfer proteins. This organization is crucial for organelle homeostasis and function.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Membrane Biology
  • Lipid Biochemistry

Background:

  • Organelle membranes exhibit distinct lipid compositions and properties.
  • Lipid sorting and trafficking are fundamental cellular processes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the concept of "membrane territories" within cellular organelles.
  • To explain how lipid sorting maintains organelle homeostasis.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of membrane trafficking pathways.
  • Investigation of lipid synthesis and flux.
  • Study of vesicle-mediated membrane retrieval.

Main Results:

  • Organelles segregate into two main membrane territories: secretory and endolysosome networks.
  • Differences in lipid packing, charge, and leaflet asymmetry define these territories.
  • The trans-Golgi network acts as a critical interface for membrane territory distinction.

Conclusions:

  • Cellular organelle membranes are functionally divided into distinct territories based on lipid properties.
  • Lipid sorting pathways, including membrane trafficking and lipid transfer proteins, are essential for maintaining organelle homeostasis and function.