URINE CYTOLOGY AND AXILLARY TESTING FOR INTERPRETATION AND FOLLOW-UP OF URINARY TUMORS
Alexandra M Kalogeraki1, Dimitrios I Tamiolakis1, Charalampos K Mamoulakis2
1Departments of Pathology-Cytopathology, Medical School, University of Crete, University Hospital, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
Abstract:
Microscopic appearance of cells in urine cytological samples is the formal diagnostic approach adjunct to cystoscopy for the detection and follow-up of urinary tumors. However, cystoscopy is a surgical method and cytology may miss low-grade papillary tumors. Several assays and markers have been developed to assist in this. When combined with conventional cytology, uro-oncological diagnostic performance is improved. We review the value of these non-invasive modalities in comparison with urine cytomorphology in the work-up of urothelial malignancies.
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