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Related Concept Videos

Decreased Body Temperature01:29

Decreased Body Temperature

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A decreased body temperature can occur in patients with hypothermia and frostbite. Heat loss with extended cold exposure overpowers the body's ability to create heat, resulting in hypothermia. Core temperature readings help classify hypothermia. Mild hypothermia is temperatures between 32 °C (89.6 °F) and 35°C (95 °F) and is caused by impaired thermoregulation. Moderate hypothermia is temperatures between 28 C (82.4 °F) and 32 °C (89.6 °F) caused by...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal01:27

Assessing Body Temperature - Rectal

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Rectal temperature measurement is considered the most precise method for assessing core body temperature and typically registers higher than oral temperature. For adults, the rectal thermometer should be inserted 1 to 1.5 inches into the rectum to obtain the most accurate reading.
Follow these steps for rectal temperature assessment:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don clean gloves to prevent cross-infection.
Step 2: Position the patient in a side-lying position to better visualize the rectal...
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Methods of reducing fever01:22

Methods of reducing fever

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The signs and symptoms of fever include hot and dry skin, flushed face, thirst, muscle aches, anorexia, headache, tachycardia, tachypnea, and fatigue. Elevated body temperature is reduced using two methods: pharmacological and nonpharmacological. Proper identification and treatment of the root cause of a fever is of utmost importance.
Pharmacological Methods of Reducing Fever:
701
Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Axilla

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Procedural Guide for Assessing Axillary Body Temperature using a Digital Thermometer:
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and put on clean gloves to maintain infection control and prevent cross-contamination.
Step 2: Prepare the patient by explaining the procedure to ensure understanding and cooperation. Ensure privacy, expose the axilla, and inform the patient that minimal movement is crucial for an accurate reading.
Step 3: Adjust the patient’s clothing to expose only the axilla. It minimizes...
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Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

586
Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's...
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Body Temperature01:25

Body Temperature

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The body's temperature, measured in degrees, is determined by the balance between heat production and dissipation to the surrounding environment. For instance, if exercising vigorously, the body will produce more heat, causing sweat and dissipating that heat. Despite extreme environmental conditions and physical exertion, the human temperature-control system maintains a constant core body temperature (the temperature of deep tissues, which are the tissues located beneath the skin and other...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 19, 2025

Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management
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Esophageal Heat Transfer for Patient Temperature Control and Targeted Temperature Management

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Implementing a Stepwise Shivering Protocol During Targeted Temperature Management.

Czarina A Bock1, Whitney G Medford1,2, Emily Coughlin3

  • 1Pharmacy Department, Tampa General Hospital, Tampa, FL, USA.

Journal of Pharmacy Practice
|August 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new stepwise protocol for managing shivering during targeted temperature management (TTM) after cardiac arrest showed potential benefits. While not statistically significant, it improved time to target temperature and increased nursing confidence, while reducing high-risk medication use.

Keywords:
cisatracuriumpost-cardiac arrest caresedativesshiveringtargeted temperature management

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Area of Science:

  • Critical Care Medicine
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Neurology

Background:

  • Shivering is a common complication during targeted temperature management (TTM) following cardiac arrest.
  • Optimal strategies for preventing and managing shivering during TTM are not well-established.
  • Effective shivering control is crucial for successful TTM outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess the impact of a stepwise shivering management protocol on achieving target temperature.
  • To evaluate changes in medication utilization for shivering control.
  • To determine the effect of the protocol on nursing confidence in managing shivering.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective chart review of post-cardiac arrest patients undergoing TTM (2016-2021).
  • Comparison of time to target temperature before and after stepwise protocol implementation.
  • Analysis of medication use and nursing confidence data pre- and post-protocol.

Main Results:

  • Median time to target temperature was shorter post-protocol (165 min) vs. pre-protocol (195 min), though not statistically significant (p=0.190).
  • Significant increases in the use of acetaminophen, buspirone, magnesium, and fentanyl were observed post-protocol.
  • Nursing confidence in managing shivering increased from 38.5% to 60% post-protocol (p=0.306).

Conclusions:

  • The stepwise shivering protocol demonstrated a trend towards improved time to target temperature.
  • The protocol was associated with reduced use of high-risk medications for shivering management.
  • Implementation of the protocol enhanced nursing confidence in managing shivering during TTM.