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X-ray Crystallography02:18

X-ray Crystallography

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The size of the unit cell and the arrangement of atoms in a crystal may be determined from measurements of the diffraction of X-rays by the crystal, termed X-ray crystallography.
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Diffraction is the change in the direction of travel experienced by an electromagnetic wave when it encounters a physical barrier whose dimensions are comparable to those of the wavelength of the light. X-rays are electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths about as long as the distance between neighboring...
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses
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Methods of Ex Situ and In Situ Investigations of Structural Transformations: The Case of Crystallization of Metallic Glasses

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Two-Dimensional Crystals far from Equilibrium.

Leonardo Galliano1, Michael E Cates2, Ludovic Berthier1,3

  • 1Laboratoire Charles Coulomb (L2C), Université de Montpellier, CNRS, 34095 Montpellier, France.

Physical Review Letters
|August 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Driven particle systems can exhibit unique phase transitions. This study reveals how a specific model generates long-range crystalline order in two dimensions due to nonequilibrium dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Non-equilibrium Systems

Background:

  • Particle systems driven by nonequilibrium fluctuations can exhibit novel behaviors not seen in equilibrium.
  • Previous models focused on driven non-Brownian suspensions undergoing absorbing phase transitions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate a two-dimensional particle model for nonequilibrium absorbing phase transitions.
  • To understand the emergence of long-range crystalline order in such systems.

Main Methods:

  • Studied a two-dimensional particle model.
  • Analyzed dynamics at large densities during phase transitions.
  • Investigated the ordered phase properties.

Main Results:

  • The dynamics at large densities produce long-range crystalline order.
  • The ordered phase exhibits suppressed phonons and hyperuniform density fluctuations.
  • Nonequilibrium effects prevent equipartition of energy.

Conclusions:

  • This work provides a microscopic model demonstrating crystalline order stabilization in 2D.
  • Nonequilibrium violations of the Mermin-Wagner theorem are key to stabilizing 2D crystalline order.