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Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

Diencephalon: Hypothalamus and Coordination

The hypothalamus is a small yet highly complex and essential brain region that plays a crucial role in regulating various bodily functions. Anatomically, it is located at the base of the brain, just above the brainstem and below the thalamus, forming part of the limbic system.
The hypothalamus interacts with other brain regions, including the pituitary gland, through a direct physical connection called the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. The hypothalamus receives somatic and visceral inputs and...

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Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Assessing Pupil-linked Changes in Locus Coeruleus-mediated Arousal Elicited by Trigeminal Stimulation

Published on: November 26, 2019

Characterizing brain stage-dependent pupil dynamics based on lateral hypothalamic activity.

Kengo Takahashi^1,2,3, Filip Sobczak¹, Patricia Pais-Roldán⁴

¹High-Field Magnetic Resonance Department, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.

Cerebral Cortex (New York, N.Y. : 1991)

|September 14, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

The lateral hypothalamus (LH) influences brain activity and pupil dynamics. This study links LH activity to brain-wide signals and pupil changes, revealing its role in regulating arousal and brain states.

Keywords:

anterior cingulate cortex brain dynamic stages lateral hypothalamus multimodal resting-state fMRI pupillometry

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Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Cognitive Science

Background:

Pupil dynamics correlate with brain activity across different arousal levels.
The lateral hypothalamus (LH) regulates arousal via neuronal pathways, including the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).
The specific relationship between LH activity and pupil dynamics remains largely unexplored.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the correlation between lateral hypothalamus (LH) activity, anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) neural signals, and pupil dynamics.
To evaluate how brain state-dependent pupil dynamics are modulated by LH and ACC activity.
To elucidate the role of the LH in regulating brain dynamic stages.

Main Methods:

Simultaneous recording of local field potentials (LFP) in the LH and ACC.
Whole-brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in conjunction with fiber photometry calcium (Ca2+) recordings in the ACC.
Analysis of correlations between LFP, fMRI, Ca2+ signals, and pupil dynamics across various brain states.

Main Results:

Local field potential (LFP) and fMRI data exhibited varied correlations (negative, null, positive) with pupil dynamics.
These correlations demonstrated brain state-dependent coupling features.
The coupling between pupil dynamics and ACC LFP/fMRI signals was contingent upon LH activity.

Conclusions:

LH activity plays a crucial role in modulating brain state-dependent pupil dynamics.
The findings suggest the LH is involved in regulating overall brain dynamic stages.
This research highlights a novel link between the LH, brain-wide activity, and autonomic measures like pupil dynamics.