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Microorganisms play a fundamental role in vaccine development, gene therapy, and therapeutic production. Their biological properties are harnessed to advance medicine and public health. Beyond immunization, microorganisms contribute to gut health, antibiotic synthesis, and genetic disease treatment.Live Attenuated and Inactivated VaccinesLive attenuated vaccines, such as the measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine, utilize weakened forms of pathogens to closely resemble natural infections.
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Surface-modified bacteria: synthesis, functionalization and biomedical applications.

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Surface modification of bacteria enhances their potential for biomedical applications like imaging, diagnosis, and therapy. Chemical strategies overcome limitations, paving the way for advanced bacterial bioagents.

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Microbiology
  • Synthetic Biology

Background:

  • Bacteria offer unique advantages as living agents for medical applications, including imaging, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
  • Challenges in clinical translation include bacterial susceptibility, toxicity, and limited accumulation at target sites.
  • Bacterial surface components are key targets for chemical modification to introduce novel functionalities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the synthesis, functionalization, and biomedical applications of surface-modified bacteria.
  • To highlight chemical modification approaches based on bacterial surface structures.
  • To discuss the potential and limitations of these modified bacteria in clinical settings.

Main Methods:

  • Review of chemical modification strategies targeting bacterial surface structures.
  • Analysis of advanced functions achieved through surface component modification.
  • Summary of applications in bioimaging, diagnosis, and therapy.

Main Results:

  • Surface modification enables the introduction of exogenous functions to bacteria, overcoming inherent limitations.
  • Functionalized bacteria show great potential in diverse biomedical applications.
  • Specific surface modifications can enhance targeting, reduce toxicity, and improve accumulation.

Conclusions:

  • Surface chemically modified bacteria represent a promising next generation of biomedical agents.
  • Further research into chemical strategies is needed to address current challenges and optimize clinical translation.
  • This review provides insights for developing innovative bacterial bioagents.