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Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Urinary Tract Infection III: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

A healthcare provider can diagnose a urinary tract infection (UTI) through several methods:Medical History and Symptoms: The provider will take a detailed medical history and ask about symptoms such as frequent urination, burning sensation during urination, and lower abdominal pain.Urinalysis: A clean-catch urine sample is collected in a sterile container and tested for the presence of bacteria, white blood cells (leukocytes), nitrites, blood, and protein. The presence of leukocytes and...

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System I: Health History

The genitourinary system is critical to maintaining fluid balance, waste elimination, and reproductive function. Nurses play a vital role in assessing this system, beginning with a thorough health history. This process involves gathering patient information, identifying risk factors, and recognizing symptoms of genitourinary disorders. Early detection is vital for timely interventions and management.1. Gathering Patient InformationA complete health history includes the patient’s personal,...

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management

The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

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The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Urinary Tract Calculi I: Introduction

Renal calculi, or kidney stones, are solid deposits of minerals and salts formed inside the kidneys. In medical terminology, "calculus" refers to the stone itself, while "lithiasis" describes the process of stone formation. Depending on their location within the urinary system, these stones may be classified as either urolithiasis, when situated within the urinary tract, or nephrolithiasis, when located within the kidneys. Each term signifies the specific impact of the stone.Predisposition...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Author Spotlight: Developing a Bedside Protocol for Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasonography

Author Spotlight: Developing a Bedside Protocol for Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasonography

Published on: June 21, 2024

Genitourinary Mpox: A case report & primer for urologists.

Grace Helene Wegrzyn¹, Melissa Kilianek², Soumya Yallapragada²

¹Division of Urology, Cook County Health and Hospitals System, Chicago, IL, USA.

Urology Case Reports

|September 20, 2023

Summary

Mpox (monkeypox virus) infection is spreading globally. This report details a case in an HIV-positive man presenting with penile lesions, highlighting the need for early Mpox symptom recognition by urologists.

Keywords:

Emerging communicable diseases Genital lesions Monkeypox virus Mpox Urogenital diseases

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Last Updated: Jul 16, 2025

Author Spotlight: Developing a Bedside Protocol for Kidney and Genitourinary Ultrasonography

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Published on: June 21, 2024

Transurethral Instillation Procedure in Adult Male Mouse

Transurethral Instillation Procedure in Adult Male Mouse

Published on: November 2, 2017

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

Ultrasonography of the Adult Male Urinary Tract for Urinary Functional Testing

Published on: August 14, 2019

Area of Science:

Infectious Diseases
Virology
Urology

Background:

The global Mpox outbreak, caused by the monkeypox virus, began in May 2022, extending beyond endemic regions in Africa.
Mpox is a zoonotic viral disease with significant public health implications.

Observation:

A 23-year-old African American male with HIV and normal CD4 counts presented with painful, evolving penile skin lesions.
These lesions were clinically identified as a manifestation of Mpox infection.

Findings:

The case demonstrates Mpox can present with genital symptoms in individuals with HIV.
Early identification of Mpox symptomatology is crucial for timely diagnosis and management.

Implications:

Urologists must be aware of Mpox as a differential diagnosis for genital lesions, especially during the ongoing outbreak.
Prompt recognition can aid in preventing further transmission and managing patient care effectively.