Emerging and Novel Viruses in Passerine Birds

Area of Science:

• Virology
• Ornithology
• Ecology

Background:

• Cloacal virome studies primarily focus on domestic birds, leaving wild bird viruses under-researched.
• Passeriformes, comprising 60% of bird species, are less studied for viral diversity and impact.
• Emerging viruses in animals raise concerns due to potential for serious or lethal disease.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review significant DNA/RNA viruses identified in passerines.
• To highlight the under-sampling of passerine species and their viral communities.
• To discuss the emerging nature and zoonotic potential of specific virus families.

Main Methods:

• Compilation of data from traditional and metagenomic studies on passerine viruses.
• Analysis of viral prevalence, pathogenicity, and geographical spread in passerines.
• Identification of under-researched passerine species and viral groups.

Main Results:

• Most passerine species have not been sampled for viruses.
• RNA viruses (Flaviviridae, Orthomyxoviridae, Togaviridae) show emerging characteristics, including increased incidence and zoonotic risk.
• Poxviruses and other groups may also be considered emerging in passerines.

Conclusions:

• Many viruses affecting passerines are newly described via metagenomics, with unknown ecological roles.
• Only one-third of viruses impacting passerines are officially recognized.
• Passerine viromes represent a significant, under-explored area with potential public health implications.