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Related Concept Videos

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment01:27

Open Angle Glaucoma: Treatment

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In open-angle glaucoma, the iridocorneal angle remains open, but the trabecular meshwork becomes stiff, slowing down the outflow of aqueous humor. This causes a buildup of aqueous humor in the anterior chamber, leading to a sudden increase in intraocular pressure. The treatment for open-angle glaucoma focuses on reducing the elevated intraocular pressure by either decreasing the secretion of aqueous humor or increasing its outflow.
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Glaucoma is an eye condition characterized by increased intraocular pressure that damages the retina and optic nerve, leading to irreversible blindness if left untreated. The human eye has various components, including the cornea, iris, pupil, lens, and optic nerve. Aqueous humor is secreted by the epithelium of the ciliary body in the posterior chamber and flows through the trabecular meshwork and canal of Schlemm, maintaining normal intraocular pressure. The trabecular meshwork and the canal...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 15, 2025

Multifocal Electroretinograms
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Accelerated hydroxychloroquine toxic retinopathy.

Ayushi Mohapatra1, Prasad Gupta1, Dhanashree Ratra2

  • 1Department of Vitreoretinal Diseases, Sankara Nethralaya, 41/18, College Road, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600006, India.

Documenta Ophthalmologica. Advances in Ophthalmology
|October 3, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) can cause early retinal toxicity, even within a year of treatment. Regular monitoring and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) are crucial for early detection and preventing vision loss.

Keywords:
Accelerated HCQ toxicityHCQ retinopathyHydroxychloroquineHydroxychloroquine toxicityMultifocal ERG

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Area of Science:

  • Ophthalmology
  • Toxicology
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) is widely prescribed for autoimmune conditions.
  • Retinal toxicity is a known, but often delayed, side effect of HCQ therapy.
  • Accelerated toxicity within one year of treatment is uncommon but warrants investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a case series of patients experiencing early retinal toxicity from HCQ.
  • To analyze the clinical characteristics and investigative findings in these cases.
  • To emphasize the importance of early detection and monitoring.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of nine patients with HCQ toxicity within one year of treatment initiation.
  • Analysis of systemic comorbidities, HCQ dosage, treatment duration, and ocular examination findings.
  • Utilized multimodal investigations including optical coherence tomography (OCT) and multifocal electroretinography (mfERG).

Main Results:

  • Nine patients (mean age 54.2 years) developed HCQ toxicity within 2-11 months of treatment.
  • No predisposing systemic conditions were identified.
  • Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) showed diagnostic changes in all patients, while OCT was abnormal in 44.4%.

Conclusions:

  • Early-onset HCQ retinal toxicity can occur even without predisposing factors.
  • Regular ophthalmological monitoring with frequent follow-ups is essential.
  • Multifocal electroretinography (mfERG) is a key diagnostic tool for detecting early HCQ toxicity and preventing irreversible visual impairment.