Tailoring guideline-directed medical therapy in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: A practical guide

According to the 2021 European Society of Cardiology guidelines, the four pillars of medical therapy in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) include sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors, beta-blockers, mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors. However, in clinical practice, concomitant use of all four drug groups in target doses is often limited by their intolerance or fear of potential complications. Herein, we present strategies to initiate or modify HFrEF therapy in frequent but challenging clinical scenarios (symptomatic hypotension, atrial fibrillation, kidney disease or worsening renal function, hyperkalemia) in a way that does not lead to unnecessary reduction or cessation of life-saving treatment.