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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Many heavier elements with smaller binding energies per nucleon can decompose into more stable elements that have intermediate mass numbers and larger binding energies per nucleon—that is, mass numbers and binding energies per nucleon that are closer to the “peak” of the binding energy graph near 56. Sometimes neutrons are also produced. This decomposition of a large nucleus into smaller pieces is called fission. The breaking is rather random with the formation of a large...
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Laser-heating and Radiance Spectrometry for the Study of Nuclear Materials in Conditions Simulating a Nuclear Power Plant Accident
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Experiences from the ARGOS user group nuclear emergency exercise.

Blake Orr1, Agnieszka Hac-Heimburg2, Naeem Ul Hasan Syed3

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Summary

A desktop exercise using the Accident Reporting and Guiding Operational System (ARGOS) tested emergency preparedness for nuclear incidents. While results agreed for a floating plant, a Finnish plant scenario showed variations due to differing source term estimates.

Keywords:
ARGOS decision support toolAtmospheric transportDose assessmentEmergency preparednessExerciseModelling

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Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Safety and Security
  • Environmental Radiation
  • Emergency Response Planning

Background:

  • The Accident Reporting and Guiding Operational System (ARGOS) is a critical decision support tool for nuclear and radiological emergency preparedness and response (EPR).
  • A global user group of government agencies involved in EPR utilizes ARGOS.
  • Regular exercises are essential for maintaining proficiency and evaluating decision support systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To train ARGOS users and enhance their knowledge of the system's capabilities.
  • To compare model outputs and protective action recommendations from different participants.
  • To identify factors influencing response variability in simulated nuclear and radiological incidents.

Main Methods:

  • A 2020 desktop exercise was conducted for the ARGOS user group.
  • Two hypothetical accident scenarios were simulated: a floating nuclear power plant (NPP) and the Loviisa NPP.
  • Participants used ARGOS to model consequences, estimate source terms (where applicable), and recommend protective actions.

Main Results:

  • General agreement on plume direction and extent was observed for the floating NPP scenario.
  • Greater variation in results was noted for the Loviisa NPP scenario, influenced by differences in participant-provided source terms.
  • Dispersion modeling, source term estimation, and protective action recommendations showed areas of both consensus and divergence.

Conclusions:

  • Participation in the exercise increased users' knowledge and understanding of ARGOS for nuclear and radiological emergency planning and response.
  • The exercise highlighted the importance of accurate source term information in consistent emergency response modeling.
  • Decision support tools like ARGOS are valuable for enhancing preparedness and response capabilities in nuclear emergencies.