Search research articles

Related Concept Videos

Crossover Experiments

Crossover Experiments

Crossover experiments, also called the repeated-measurements design, is a study design in which all experimental units are exposed to all treatments in different periods. Crossover experiments are generally used in psychology, the pharmaceutical industry, agriculture, and medicine.
Crossover designs are performed even with smaller sample sizes since the samples can act as their controls. These are better than simple randomized trials since patients are exposed to all the treatments.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

The Influence of Academic Emotions on Learning Effects: A Systematic Review.

International journal of environmental research and public health·2021

Same journal

Towards responsible digital health implementation: A mixed-methods exploratory study developing a tool to assess workforce experience.

Digital health·2026

Same journal

From pharmacometric foundations to emerging artificial intelligence applications: A bibliometric analysis of model-informed precision dosing for anti-infective therapy (2005-2025).

Digital health·2026

Same journal

Multi-parameter prediction of extubation failure using spontaneous breathing trial and post-spontaneous breathing trial rest period data.

Digital health·2026

Same journal

Feasibility and behavioral impact of a wearable-supported digital health intervention on attitudes and behaviors toward sleep and physical activity: A proof-of-concept study in Kobe City.

Digital health·2026

Same journal

Summary of evidence on nutritional adherence in cardiac rehabilitation among patients with coronary heart disease after PCI based on mobile healthcare systems.

Digital health·2026

Same journal

Challenges of patient-facing generative artificial intelligence in hypertension care: A cross-platform evaluation of the quality, readability, and actionability of LLM-Generated patient education materials.

Digital health·2026

See all related articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 14, 2025

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Published on: August 29, 2018

A virtual reality physical activity pattern assessment: Mixed crossover experiments and cluster analysis.

Texi Zhang¹, Xiaoyue Xiao¹, Jie Mao¹

¹College of Sports Engineering and Information Technology, Wuhan Sports University, Wuhan, China.

|October 6, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Virtual reality (VR) exercise enhances enjoyment and arousal, with moderate intensity showing the best results. VR workouts offer a comparable effect to traditional exercise.

Keywords:

Virtual reality activity pattern assessment fuzzy c-mean

More Related Videos

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

Published on: June 9, 2020

The Immersive Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping Platform for the Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

The Immersive Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping Platform for the Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

Published on: July 28, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 14, 2025

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Virtual Reality Experiments with Physiological Measures

Published on: August 29, 2018

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

Published on: June 9, 2020

The Immersive Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping Platform for the Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

The Immersive Cleveland Clinic Virtual Reality Shopping Platform for the Assessment of Instrumental Activities of Daily Living

Published on: July 28, 2022

Area of Science:

Exercise Physiology
Virtual Reality Technology
Human Movement Analysis

Background:

Virtual Reality (VR) offers immersive experiences that can be adapted for physical activity.
Understanding the impact of different VR exercise intensities on user engagement and physiological response is crucial for developing effective VR fitness programs.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare physical activity levels and exercise enjoyment in subjects after engaging in 15-minute VR physical activities of varying intensities.
To evaluate the emotional efficacy and arousal levels during VR exercise.
To analyze movement patterns using acceleration data and clustering algorithms.

Main Methods:

A mixed crossover experiment involving 32 subjects randomly assigned to three VR games of different intensities.
Collection of acceleration data to quantify physical activity.
Measurement of emotional efficacy and arousal using the Feeling Scale (FS) and Felt Arousal Scale (FAS).
Analysis of acceleration data using the fuzzy c-mean (FCM) clustering algorithm.

Main Results:

Significant increases in FS and FAS scores were observed across low, medium, and high-intensity VR physical activities (p < 0.05).
FCM clustering revealed distinct patterns in upper and lower limb acceleration counts across different intensities, indicating a higher emphasis on upper-extremity movements.
Moderate-intensity VR exercise demonstrated the most favorable outcomes in terms of enjoyment and arousal.

Conclusions:

VR physical activity effectively enhances exercise enjoyment and emotional arousal.
Moderate-intensity VR exercise appears to be optimal for engagement and positive affective responses.
VR exercise intensity profiles, particularly the higher upper-extremity engagement, contribute to a workout effect comparable to traditional exercise modalities.