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Gene transcription is regulated by the synergistic action of several proteins that form a complex at a gene regulatory site. This is observed in eukaryotes, where the regulation of gene expression is a complex process. Regulatory proteins in eukaryotes can broadly be classified into two types – regulators that bind directly to specific DNA sequences and co-regulators that associate with regulatory proteins but cannot directly bind to the DNA. These co-regulators are further divided into...
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Riboswitches are RNA elements that regulate gene expression by altering their secondary structures in response to specific effector molecules. These elements, located in the leader regions of certain mRNAs, act as transcriptional regulators by toggling between alternative conformations to control downstream gene expression. Riboswitch-mediated regulation is a precise mechanism for modulating biosynthetic pathways, as exemplified by the riboflavin biosynthesis pathway in Bacillus...
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G Protein–Coupled Receptors (GPCRs) are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to various stimuli. GPCRs regulate critical physiological pathways and are excellent drug targets for treating diseases such as diabetes, cancer, obesity, depression, or Alzheimer's. Nearly 35% of approved drugs implement their therapeutic effects by selectively interacting with specific GPCRs.
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G Protein-Coupled Receptors or GPCRs are membrane-bound receptors that transiently associate with heterotrimeric G proteins and induce an appropriate response to sensory stimuli such as light, odors, hormones, cytokines, or neurotransmitters.
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pH-Responsive Protein Conformation Transistor.

Fei Tao1, Qian Han1, Miaoran Deng1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Applied Surface and Colloid Chemistry, Ministry of Education, school of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, China.

Angewandte Chemie (International Ed. in English)
|October 9, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed protein nanocrystals that mimic transistor-like behavior, enabling pH-responsive assembly at larger scales. This breakthrough offers new possibilities for advanced materials in drug delivery and biosensing.

Keywords:
Self-CoacervationTransistor EffectTwo-Step NucleationpH-Responsive Cross-Linking

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Area of Science:

  • Biomaterials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Polymer Chemistry

Background:

  • Transistor-like responsive materials exhibit sharp structural transitions triggered by specific microenvironment signals.
  • Current applications are primarily limited to synthetic polymer-based nanoscale assemblies.
  • Extending this responsive behavior to biopolymers and larger scales is a significant challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evolve transistor-like responsive material systems from synthetic polymers to biopolymers.
  • To extend the assembly scale from nanoscale to meso/macro-scale.
  • To develop protein nanocrystals with core-shell structures for pH-responsive mesoscale assembly.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a two-step nucleation process to create unique protein nanocrystals with core-shell structures.
  • Investigated pH-responsive mesoscale assembly driven by inter-particle β-sheet linker formation.
  • Characterized ultrasensitive cross-linking behaviors including self-coacervation, ultrafast gelation, and swelling responses.

Main Results:

  • Successfully developed protein nanocrystals exhibiting transistor-like pH-responsive mesoscale assembly.
  • Demonstrated ultrasensitive cross-linking, including self-coacervation at water/water interfaces and gelation within seconds.
  • Observed ultrasensitive swelling for detecting basic vapors at extremely low concentrations.

Conclusions:

  • Protein nanocrystals offer a novel biopolymer-based platform for transistor-like responsive materials.
  • The pH-responsive mesoscale assembly enables advanced functionalities for various applications.
  • This breakthrough holds significant promise for drug encapsulation, biosensing, cytomimetic materials, and microfluidic chemistry.