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Olfaction

Olfaction

The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
The olfactory receptors are embedded in the cilia of the...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 13, 2025

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing

Controlled Odor Mimic Permeation Systems for Olfactory Training and Field Testing

Published on: January 28, 2021

Treatment adherence to olfactory training: a real-world observational study.

M Haas¹, J Raninger¹, J Kaiser¹

¹Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.

|October 15, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Treatment adherence for olfactory training (OT) is low. Patients stop OT due to perceived improvement or lack thereof, impacting smell loss recovery. Consistent training is advised for better outcomes.

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Last Updated: Jul 13, 2025

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Area of Science:

Otolaryngology
Neuroscience
Sensory Science

Background:

Olfactory training (OT) is a recommended long-term treatment for smell loss.
Treatment adherence for OT is not well understood.
This study investigates the reasons for poor adherence to OT.

Purpose of the Study:

To determine the frequency of adherence to olfactory training.
To identify the causes of non-adherence to olfactory training.
To correlate adherence with olfactory function outcomes.

Main Methods:

Prospective study of 53 patients with olfactory dysfunction.
Olfactory testing (Sniffin' Sticks TDI) and subjective Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) at baseline and follow-up.
Adherence assessed via questionnaire; primary outcomes were TDI and NRS score improvements.

Main Results:

45 of 53 patients performed OT; 31% stopped due to perceived improvement, 51% due to lack of improvement.
Average duration of OT use was five months.
Discontinuing OT due to lack of perceived improvement correlated with worse TDI and NRS scores.

Conclusions:

Therapeutic adherence to OT is low, irrespective of perceived olfactory function.
Patients discontinue OT due to satisfaction (improvement) or disappointment (no improvement).
Consistent OT performance is crucial for maximizing olfactory recovery.