Nanomaterials for Fighting Multidrug-Resistant Biofilm Infections

Multidrug-resistant bacterial infections represent a dire threat to global health. The development of antibiotic resistance in bacteria coupled with the lack of development of new antibiotics is creating infections requiring antibiotics of last resort, and even some infections for which we have no available treatment. Biofilm-based infections present some of the most challenging targets for treatment. The biofilm matrix provides a physical barrier that can impede access of antibiotics and antimicrobials to resident bacteria. The phenotypic diversity found in biofilms further exacerbates the difficulty of eliminating infections, with quiescent "persister" cells evading therapeutics and re-initiating infections after treatment. Nanomaterials provide a tool for combatting these refractory biofilm infections. The distinctive size regime and physical properties of nanomaterials provide them with the capability to penetrate and disrupt biofilms. Nanomaterials can also access antimicrobial pathways inaccessible to conventional antimicrobials, providing a synergistic strategy for treating biofilm infections. This review will summarize key challenges presented by antibiotic resistance and biofilms when treating infection and provide selected examples of how nanomaterials are being used to address these challenges.