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Applications of GIS: Disaster Management and Emergency Response01:29

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Geographic Information System (GIS) technology is essential for risk identification, action prioritization, and resource optimization in critical situations like flooding and earthquakes. By integrating spatial and demographic data, GIS provides a comprehensive framework for emergency response.GIS integrates data layers, like rainfall intensity, topography, elevation profiles, and river levels, to model high-risk flood zones. These layers assess areas susceptible to flooding based on their...
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Flood risk assessment involves careful planning and analysis to ensure the safety of communities near water retention structures. Capacity contours are a vital tool in this process, as they illustrate the potential spread of water at specific levels in a given area. In the context of building a bund across a small valley, these contours play a critical role in evaluating the safety of nearby residential areas.In this example, the bund is intended to store stormwater in the valley. The engineers...
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GIS manipulation and analysis functions are vital for decision-making and planning. These activities range from data retrieval tasks, such as selecting information based on specific criteria, to advanced analytical techniques that address complex spatial problems.One critical GIS analysis method is overlaying, which combines multiple data layers to examine impacts. For example, overlaying a river-dammed lake boundary with road networks can identify affected infrastructure. Another common...
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are tools for storing, analyzing, and displaying spatial data alongside related attributes. Unlike traditional information systems that address general queries, GIS incorporates spatial components, enabling users to answer "where" and "how far." For example, GIS can process housing data linked to geographic locations like zip codes, allowing insights into population density or housing distribution through thematic maps.GIS integrates technologies such as...
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) operate across three levels of application, each representing an increasing degree of complexity: data management, analysis, and prediction. These levels reflect the expanding functionality and versatility of GIS technology in handling spatial data for diverse purposes.Data ManagementAt its foundational level, GIS serves as a tool for data management, enabling the input, storage, retrieval, and organization of spatial data. This level is often employed in...
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Geographic Information Systems (GIS) rely on two core types of data: spatial data and attribute data.Spatial DataSpatial data defines the physical location of features within a coordinate system, typically expressed in terms of latitude and longitude. It provides precise positioning for elements like roads, rivers, or buildings.Attribute DataAttribute data complements spatial data by adding descriptive information about these features. For example, a road's spatial data includes its start and...
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Urbanization and flood risk analysis using geospatial techniques.

Raphael Ane Atanga1, Vitus Tankpa2, Isaiah Acquah1

  • 1Department of Geography Education, Faculty of Social Sciences Education, University of Education, Winneba, Ghana.

Plos One
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Summary

Rapid urbanization in Accra has led to significant land use changes, increasing flood disasters. Unplanned urban development, especially in waterways, is directly linked to a rise in flood events from 1991 to 2015.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Urban Planning
  • Disaster Management

Background:

  • Urbanization significantly alters land use and land cover, impacting hydrological systems.
  • Accra has experienced rapid urban growth, raising concerns about increased flood vulnerability.
  • Understanding the link between urban expansion and flood disasters is crucial for effective urban planning.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between urbanization and increased flood disasters in Accra.
  • To map and analyze land use/land cover changes from 1991 to 2015.
  • To correlate urbanization patterns with the frequency and intensity of flood events.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of land use/land cover changes using remote sensing data from 1991 to 2015.
  • Review of historical flood event data for Greater Accra.
  • Statistical analysis to establish the relationship between urbanization patterns and flood disaster trends.

Main Results:

  • Urban land use/land cover increased by 95.51% (1991-2002) and 129.14% (2002-2015).
  • Urbanization occurred in an unplanned manner, with significant development encroaching on waterways.
  • Flood disaster events showed an increasing trend from 1991 to 2015, with recurring events in some years.

Conclusions:

  • Unplanned urbanization and encroachment on waterways are key drivers of increased flood disasters in Accra.
  • Evidence-based planning is essential to mitigate flood risks associated with urban development.
  • Coordinated efforts among urban planners, policymakers, and flood managers are needed to address the growing flood problem.