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Infertility in Females01:28

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Low blood levels of the thyroid hormones — triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4) — signal the hypothalamus to release the thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH). TRH then reaches the pituitary gland and stimulates the release of thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH) into the bloodstream.
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The thyroid hormone (TH) plays a pivotal role in the intricate orchestration of physiological processes, exerting profound effects on development, metabolism, and homeostasis throughout different life stages.
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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
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The female reproductive system can be affected by several disorders, including Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS), Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder (PMDD), endometriosis, and various forms of cancer. PMS and PMDD are cyclical conditions that cause physical and emotional distress, with symptoms that include edema, mood swings, and food cravings. PMDD is a more severe form of PMS characterized by increased symptom severity that peaks during the luteal phase and tends to improve or resolve shortly after...
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Thyroid dysfunction and female infertility. A comprehensive review.

Marcio José Concepción-Zavaleta1, Julia Cristina Coronado-Arroyo2, Juan Eduardo Quiroz-Aldave3

  • 1Universidad Científica Del Sur, Lima, Peru.

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Thyroid dysfunction significantly impacts female fertility, affecting conception and assisted reproductive technologies. Timely diagnosis and treatment, including levothyroxine for hypothyroidism, are crucial for improving pregnancy outcomes.

Keywords:
Assisted reproductive techniquesFemale infertilityFertilization in vitroHyperthyroidismHypothyroidismThyroid gland

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Endocrinology
  • Endocrinology
  • Infertility Research

Background:

  • Female infertility is a complex condition affecting many women.
  • Endocrine factors, particularly thyroid dysfunction, play a significant role in female infertility.
  • Understanding these hormonal influences is key to diagnosis and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the multifaceted effects of thyroid dysfunction on female infertility.
  • To review current literature on thyroid disorders and their impact on reproductive outcomes.
  • To highlight the importance of thyroid health in fertility management.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive narrative review of 134 articles published up to 2023.
  • Literature search conducted across PubMed/Medline, EMBASE, and Scielo databases.
  • Focused analysis on the relationship between thyroid dysfunction and female infertility.

Main Results:

  • Thyroid disorders disrupt folliculogenesis, fertilization, and implantation.
  • Hypothyroidism (subclinical and overt) often requires levothyroxine treatment to improve fertility.
  • Hyperthyroidism necessitates prompt management to reduce miscarriage risk.
  • Thyroid dysfunction negatively affects assisted reproductive technologies (ART) outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Individualized assessment of women with thyroid dysfunction is essential for fertility.
  • Optimizing thyroid health (euthyroidism) is critical before and during fertility treatments.
  • Addressing thyroid-related factors significantly influences successful conception and obstetric outcomes.