Precision Medicine in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases: Decoding Biomarkers, Targeted Therapies and Digital Innovation

Area of Science:

• Endocrinology and Immunology
• Precision Medicine

Background:

• Autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITDs), such as Graves' disease and Hashimoto's thyroiditis, stem from disruptions in immune tolerance, significantly impacting endocrine health.
• These conditions represent critical aspects of thyroid autoimmunity and contribute to global endocrine morbidity.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review recent advancements in precision medicine for autoimmune thyroid diseases.
• To highlight novel biomarkers, immunogenetic profiles, emerging therapies, and technological applications in AITD management.

Main Methods:

• Review of recent literature on biomarkers (microRNAs, exosomal proteins), immunogenetics (HLA-DR, CTLA4, PTPN22), and novel therapies (rituximab, teprotumumab, SYD5115).
• Exploration of artificial intelligence applications in diagnostics (radiomics, biosensors), epigenetic studies, and microbiota research.
• Discussion of challenges in predicting disease progression and personalizing therapy.

Main Results:

• Identification of circulating microRNAs and exosomal proteins as key biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of AITDs.
• Highlighting specific genetic polymorphisms (HLA-DR, CTLA4, PTPN22) associated with AITD susceptibility.
• Introduction of targeted immunotherapies and AI-driven diagnostic tools enhancing disease management.

Conclusions:

• Precision medicine offers transformative potential for AITDs through advanced diagnostics and targeted therapies.
• Integration of multi-omics data with digital health tools is crucial for future patient stratification and individualized care.
• The next decade will likely see redefined treatment algorithms for dynamic and personalized management of AITDs.