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Related Concept Videos

Olfaction01:25

Olfaction

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The sense of smell is achieved through the activities of the olfactory system. It starts when an airborne odorant enters the nasal cavity and reaches olfactory epithelium (OE). The OE is protected by a thin layer of mucus, which also serves the purpose of dissolving more complex compounds into simpler chemical odorants. The size of the OE and the density of sensory neurons varies among species; in humans, the OE is only about 9-10 cm2.
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The process of olfaction, also known as the sense of smell, is a sophisticated chemical response system. The specialized sensory neurons that facilitate this process, known as olfactory receptor neurons, are situated in an upper segment of the nasal cavity, known as the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory sensory neurons are bipolar, with their dendrites extending from the epithelium's apex into the mucus that lines the nasal cavity. Airborne molecules, when inhaled, traverse the olfactory...
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Cognitive development continues throughout adulthood, undergoing significant shifts across early, middle, and late stages. Individual transition occurs from adolescent idealism to pragmatic and adaptable thinking in early adulthood. During this period, individuals learn to integrate personal beliefs with the recognition that other perspectives are equally valid. Exposure to the complexities of modern society, diverse experiences, and higher education contribute to this adaptive thought process,...
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Role of Hippocampus in Memory01:19

Role of Hippocampus in Memory

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The hippocampus, a critical brain structure, plays an essential role in memory processing, particularly in the formation and retrieval of memory. This small, seahorse-shaped region is located within the medial temporal lobe, with one hippocampus in each brain hemisphere. Experimental studies involving lesions in the hippocampi of rats have demonstrated significant impairments in tasks such as object recognition and maze navigation, indicating the hippocampus involvement in both recognition and...
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Humans detect odors with the help of specialized cells located in the upper part of the nasal cavity, called olfactory receptor neurons (ORNs). ORNs possess hair-like structures called cilia, which are receptive to sensations from the inhaled air. When an odorant molecule binds to a specific receptor on the cell of the cilia, it leads to a series of events that ultimately cause the ORN to send electrical signals to the olfactory bulb in the brain through the olfactory nerves.
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Aging01:26

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Aging is a complex biological phenomenon influenced by various processes that affect cellular and systemic functions. Several prominent theories attempt to explain its mechanisms, highlighting cellular limitations, oxidative damage, and hormonal changes as central factors in aging.
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A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Olfaction and declarative memory in aging: a meta-analysis.

Benoît Jobin1,2,3, Frédérique Roy-Côté4, Johannes Frasnelli2,5

  • 1Department of Psychology, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada.

Chemical Senses
|October 25, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Older adults

Keywords:
agingepisodic memorymeta-analysisolfactionsemantic memory

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Last Updated: Jul 12, 2025

A Free-breathing fMRI Method to Study Human Olfactory Function
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Gerontology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Olfactory and declarative memory decline in older adults, involving overlapping brain structures.
  • The link between olfactory detection and declarative memory requires further investigation.

Approach:

  • A meta-analysis examined the association between olfactory identification/detection and verbal declarative memory in healthy older adults.
  • Included 17 studies assessing episodic or semantic memory and olfactory function.

Key Points:

  • Olfactory identification correlated with episodic and semantic memory.
  • Olfactory detection threshold also associated with episodic and semantic memory.
  • Age moderated the olfactory detection threshold-memory relationship.

Conclusions:

  • Both olfactory identification and detection are linked to declarative memory in older adults.
  • Age specifically influences the olfactory detection threshold's association with memory.