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Urinary Bladder

Urinary Bladder

The urinary bladder is a hollow, muscular sac that temporarily stores urine before it is expelled from the body. It can hold approximately 600 mL of urine prior to micturition. The bladder is retroperitoneal and located behind the pubic symphysis in the pelvic floor.
In males, the bladder is situated in front of the rectum, while in females, it is positioned anterior to the vagina and uterus. The bladder floor contains an inverted triangular area called the trigone, defined by the two ureteric...

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Imaging Studies VI: Voiding Cystourethrography and Cystography

Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG) and Cystography are specialized radiographic procedures used to examine the structure and function of the bladder and urethra.Voiding Cystourethrography (VCUG)A Voiding Cystourethrogram (VCUG) is a diagnostic imaging procedure that assesses the anatomy and function of the lower urinary tract. It focuses on the bladder, bladder neck, and urethra, helping detect abnormalities such as vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)—the backward or reverse flow of urine into the...

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

Anatomy of the Genitourinary System II: Bladder and Urethra

The lower urinary system consists of the urinary bladder and urethra, which are essential in storing and expelling urine from the body. Together with the internal and external sphincters, these structures work together to regulate urination effectively.Anatomy of the BladderThe urinary bladder is a muscular, stretchable organ behind the pubic bone and in front of the rectum. In females, the bladder is positioned anterior to the vagina and inferior to the uterus, while in males, it is located...

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

Nursing Assessment of the Genitourinary System II: Inspection and Palpation

The nursing assessment of the genitourinary (GU) system involves a systematic inspection and palpation to identify abnormalities in the kidneys, bladder, and surrounding structures.InspectionMouth: Inspect for signs of kidney dysfunction, such as stomatitis (inflammation of the mouth) and ammonia breath, which may occur in advanced kidney disease due to the buildup of urea, breaking down into ammonia.Skin: Check for pallor, which could indicate anemia caused by kidney disease. Look for...

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Disorders of the Male Reproductive System

Men's health issues are increasingly recognized as significant, with several conditions posing common threats. Among these, testicular cancer is especially prevalent in younger men, particularly those aged 20 to 35 years. The disease often manifests as a painless mass in the testicles, sometimes accompanied by a sensation of heaviness or a dull ache.
Prostate disorders are another major concern. These conditions can impair urinary flow due to the prostate's location around the urethra....

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Urinary Tract Calculi II: Pathophysiology and Clinical Manifestations

Renal calculi, commonly termed kidney stones, are crystalline solid masses that form in the kidneys but can occur at any point within the urinary system, encompassing the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra.The pathophysiology of renal stones involves several key factors: supersaturation of the urine with stone-forming constituents, changes in urine pH, a decrease in urine volume, and the presence of substances that promote or inhibit stone formation.Supersaturation of Urine: This is the...

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Updated: Jul 12, 2025

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

An Orthotopic Bladder Cancer Model for Gene Delivery Studies

Published on: December 1, 2013

Bladder cancer.

Lars Dyrskjøt^1,2, Donna E Hansel³, Jason A Efstathiou⁴

¹Department of Molecular Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark.

Nature Reviews. Disease Primers

|October 26, 2023

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Bladder cancer presents diverse molecular subtypes and treatment strategies. Advances in diagnostics and therapies, including immunotherapy, are improving patient outcomes for both non-muscle-invasive and muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

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An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

An Orthotopic Model of Murine Bladder Cancer

Published on: February 6, 2011

Area of Science:

Oncology
Genetics
Urology

Background:

Bladder cancer exhibits global health significance with notable sex-based disparities in incidence and prognosis.
Distinct molecular subtypes and pathogenic pathways characterize non-muscle-invasive versus muscle-invasive bladder cancer.
Higher mutational burden is observed in muscle-invasive bladder cancer compared to its non-muscle-invasive counterpart.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current understanding of bladder cancer molecular subtypes, diagnostic advancements, and therapeutic strategies.
To highlight the evolving landscape of bladder cancer management influenced by molecular profiling and new treatment modalities.
To emphasize the importance of early detection and personalized treatment approaches.

Main Methods:

Review of current literature on bladder cancer molecular characteristics, diagnostics, and therapeutics.
Analysis of genetic mutations commonly found in bladder cancer, such as TERT, FGFR3, TP53, PIK3CA, and STAG2.
Examination of diagnostic tools including urine-based tests and cell-free DNA analysis, alongside treatment modalities like transurethral resection, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy.

Main Results:

Bladder cancer classification is evolving with single-cell analysis, revealing complex molecular heterogeneity.
Minimally invasive diagnostics, including urine and blood tests, show promise for early detection and monitoring.
Effective treatments range from transurethral resection and intravesical therapy for non-muscle-invasive disease to radical cystectomy and neoadjuvant chemotherapy for muscle-invasive disease.

Conclusions:

Bladder cancer management necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, integrating patient and molecular characteristics.
Immune-checkpoint inhibitors offer therapeutic benefits across various stages of bladder cancer.
Continued research into molecular subtypes and diagnostic innovations is crucial for improving bladder cancer prognosis.