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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 12, 2025

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When Are Social Protests Effective?

Eric Shuman1, Amit Goldenberg2, Tamar Saguy3

  • 1Department of Psychology, New York University, New York City, NY, USA; Negotiation Organization and Markets, Harvard Business School, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Digital Data and Design Institute, Boston, MA, USA.

Trends in Cognitive Sciences
|November 1, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Social protests can drive societal change. Nonviolent actions mobilize supporters, while disruptive protests can sway resistant individuals toward policy change, according to a new evaluation framework.

Keywords:
collective actioneffectivenesssocial changesocial movements

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Area of Science:

  • Social Sciences
  • Political Science
  • Sociology

Background:

  • Social protests are a common global phenomenon aimed at addressing societal issues.
  • The effectiveness of social protests varies, with some achieving significant progress and others yielding minimal results.
  • Existing research presents conflicting findings on protest effectiveness.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel framework for evaluating the effectiveness of social protest.
  • To synthesize conflicting research findings on social protest outcomes.
  • To identify the conditions under which different protest strategies are most effective.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a three-component framework: action types, target audience, and evaluated outcomes.
  • Comprehensive review of existing academic literature on social protest.
  • Synthesis of research findings using the proposed evaluation framework.

Main Results:

  • Nonviolent protests are particularly effective in mobilizing sympathizers and building support for a cause.
  • Disruptive protest tactics can be effective in motivating policy change among individuals who are initially resistant.
  • The framework helps to reconcile contradictory findings in the literature by specifying key variables.

Conclusions:

  • A structured framework is essential for systematically evaluating social protest effectiveness.
  • The choice of protest action and target audience significantly influences outcomes.
  • Understanding these dynamics can inform strategies for maximizing the impact of social movements.