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Current Epidemiology of Pediatric Tuberculosis
Sushant Satish Mane1, Pragya Shrotriya2
1State Pediatric Center of Excellence for TB, Department of Pediatrics, Grant Govt. Medical College, Sir JJ Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, India. drsush2006@gmail.com.
Indian Journal of Pediatrics
|November 3, 2023
Summary
Childhood tuberculosis (TB) is a significant global health issue, particularly in India. Addressing the 56% detection gap in pediatric TB cases is crucial for effective elimination strategies.
Area of Science:
- Public Health
- Infectious Diseases
- Pediatrics
Background:
- Tuberculosis (TB) remains a leading cause of death globally, with children serving as key reservoirs for transmission.
- Pediatric TB constitutes a substantial burden, with India accounting for 31% of the global load, yet only 6-7% of National Tuberculosis Elimination Programme (NTEP) cases.
- A significant 56% detection gap in India highlights missed pediatric TB cases, including underestimation of multidrug-resistant/rifampicin-resistant TB (MDR/RR-TB) in children.
Purpose of the Study:
- To underscore the critical need for successful detection and treatment of TB in children for effective TB elimination.
- To highlight the epidemiology and risk factors associated with childhood TB in India.
- To inform resource allocation and policy-making by understanding pediatric TB burden.
Main Methods:
- Review of existing data on pediatric TB prevalence and treatment under the NTEP in India.
- Analysis of the estimated detection gap for TB and MDR/RR-TB in children.
- Identification and discussion of various risk factors contributing to TB exposure, infection, and disease in children.
Main Results:
- Children represent a significant portion of the TB burden, yet are underdiagnosed and undertreated.
- India faces a substantial detection gap (56%) for pediatric TB, with severe underreporting of MDR/RR-TB.
- Numerous factors, including environmental, genetic, and socioeconomic, influence TB risk in children.
Conclusions:
- Effective TB elimination strategies are impossible without addressing pediatric TB case detection and treatment.
- Understanding the natural history and epidemiology of childhood TB is vital for identifying vulnerable populations.
- This knowledge is essential for targeted resource allocation and informed policy decisions to combat pediatric TB.
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