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Related Concept Videos

Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
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Recently, the development of olefin metathesis polymerization advanced the field of polymer synthesis. Simply put, the reorganization of substituents on their double bonds between two olefins in the presence of a catalyst is known as the olefin metathesis reaction. The use of metathesis reaction for polymer synthesis is called olefin metathesis polymerization.
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Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...
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Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in PolyS-Divinylbenzene
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Polymerizable bijels prepared by a direct-mixing method.

Liya Zhang1, Aixin Song1, Jingcheng Hao1

  • 1Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry (Ministry of Education), Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China. songaixin@sdu.edu.cn.

Chemical Communications (Cambridge, England)
|November 8, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A new direct-mixing method creates tunable bicontinuous emulsion gels (bijels) using silica particles and amino-capped silicone oil. These stable bijels can be polymerized into solid materials with interconnected structures.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Colloid and Surface Chemistry

Background:

  • Bicontinuous emulsion gels (bijels) are complex soft materials with interconnected continuous phases.
  • Controlling the structure and properties of bijels is crucial for their applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a simple direct-mixing method for creating stable bijels.
  • To achieve tunable channel sizes and interconnected structures in bijels.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a combination of silica particles and amino-capped silicone oil (diNH2-PDMS) as stabilizers.
  • Employing a direct-mixing approach with wide ranges of component proportions.
  • Analyzing the resulting structures using 3D reconstruction and curvature analysis.

Main Results:

  • Successful formation of bijels across a broad range of silica particle/diNH2-PDMS and oil/water ratios.
  • Demonstration of tunable spatial continuity and channel size.
  • Conversion of oil phase into solid interconnected materials via direct polymerization.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed method offers a versatile and simple route to bijels with controllable structures.
  • The resulting polymerized materials possess unique interconnected architectures suitable for various applications.