The Dynamic Adoption Journey: A Typology for Users and Non-Users of Occupational Exoskeletons

Various barriers prevent the adoption of occupational exoskeletons. It is therefore important to understand why some people are willing to use occupational exoskeletons, while others are not. To identify why people use or do not use exoskeletons, we created a typology describing different types of users and non-users. These types were created based on existing literature on internet adoption and social robots. Next, literature and empirical data were used to identify reasons why some people use exoskeletons and others do not use them (yet). The typology includes users with pain and users without work-related musculoskeletal disorders, but also non-users: resisters, rejecters, discontinuers, excluded or expelled non-users. It can be used by companies interested in implementing exoskeletons to identify possible early adopters. For exoskeleton designers, it can be used as a tool to identify non-users and focus on design strategies to enable non-users to become users (such as making exoskeletons that would fit people with a wide range of body shapes). Future research can use these types to identify users and non-users in field trials or pilot projects.