Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Encoding01:19

Encoding

177
Information enters the brain through encoding, which is the input of information into the memory system. Once sensory information is received from the environment, the brain labels or codes it. The information is then organized with similar information and connected to existing concepts. Encoding occurs through automatic processing and effortful processing.
Automatic processing involves the encoding of details like time, space, frequency, and the meaning of words, usually done without conscious...
177
Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory01:22

Chunking and Rehearsal in Sensory Memory

220
Improving short-term memory can be achieved through techniques like chunking and rehearsal. Chunking involves organizing information into larger, more manageable units. This technique is particularly useful for information that exceeds the typical memory span of between five and nine items. For instance, logging into an online account with a password like "ta89vq0179gz" involves grouping letters and numbers into three chunks—ta89, vq01, and 79gz. It makes large amounts of...
220
Working Memory01:24

Working Memory

179
Working memory refers to a combination of components, including short-term memory and attention, that allow an individual to hold information temporarily as we perform cognitive tasks. It is an essential cognitive function that enables the execution of complex tasks such as problem-solving, comprehension, and reasoning. Unlike short-term memory, which simply involves the storage of information for a brief period, working memory involves the active manipulation and processing of this...
179
Color Vision01:24

Color Vision

590
Color perception begins in the retina, the light-sensitive layer at the back of the eye. Two main theories explain how colors are seen: the trichromatic theory and the opponent-process theory. The trichromatic theory, proposed by Thomas Young in 1802 and extended by Hermann von Helmholtz in 1852, suggests that color vision is based on three types of cone receptors in the retina. These cones are sensitive to different but overlapping ranges of wavelengths corresponding to red, blue, and green.
590
Storage01:23

Storage

87
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
87
Chunking01:12

Chunking

112
Chunking is a powerful cognitive technique that improves short-term memory retention by organizing information into smaller, more manageable units. The brain, limited by working memory capacity, can more easily process and store information when it is divided into "chunks" rather than presented as discrete, unrelated elements. Chunking is especially useful when dealing with large amounts of information, such as numerical sequences, words, or complex ideas.
The principle behind chunking...
112

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Infants Anticipate the Timing of Sounds From Dynamic Collision Events.

Infancy : the official journal of the International Society on Infant Studies·2026
Same author

Bridging Bayesian and representational theories of memory to predict memory bias.

Journal of experimental psychology. General·2026
Same author

The Target Confusability Competition ensemble model predicts full feature distribution reports.

Psychonomic bulletin & review·2026
Same author

Attraction and repulsion in perception and working memory as complementary outcomes of learning.

Current opinion in neurobiology·2026
Same author

Contralateral delay activity as a marker of visual working memory capacity: A multi-site registered replication.

Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior·2026
Same author

Chunking, Attraction, Repulsion, and Ensemble Effects Are Ubiquitous in Visual Working Memory.

Open mind : discoveries in cognitive science·2026
Same journal

Limited protective effects of multilingualism against age-related cognitive decline.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Validation of illustrated texts: Can pictures raise awareness of inconsistencies?

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

4I remember (and forget) your happy smiling face: Directed forgetting of emotionally expressive faces of in-group and out-group members.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Identity in the spotlight: Matching faces without overlapping features.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

Test delay and change awareness moderate retroactive and proactive memory effects.

Memory & cognition·2026
Same journal

The Deese/Roediger-McDermott (DRM) illusion in short-term memory: Opposite effects of retention interval on true and false recognition.

Memory & cognition·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats
09:28

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Published on: May 6, 2021

4.5K

Sequential encoding aids working memory for meaningful objects' identities but not for their colors.

Yong Hoon Chung1, Timothy F Brady2, Viola S Störmer3

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA. yong.hoon.chung.gr@dartmouth.edu.

Memory & Cognition
|November 10, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Meaningful objects enhance color memory, but encoding format (sequential vs. simultaneous) only impacts shape memory, not color memory. This suggests encoding format flexibly influences visual working memory based on the feature being remembered.

Keywords:
Color memoryEncodingMemoryObject recognitionPerceptionSemantic memoryVisual working memoryWorking memory

More Related Videos

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color
10:27

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

22.9K
Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization
05:35

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Published on: April 19, 2017

6.7K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 11, 2025

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats
09:28

A Within-Subject Experimental Design using an Object Location Task in Rats

Published on: May 6, 2021

4.5K
Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color
10:27

Training Synesthetic Letter-color Associations by Reading in Color

Published on: February 20, 2014

22.9K
Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization
05:35

Experience is Instrumental in Tuning a Link Between Language and Cognition: Evidence from 6- to 7- Month-Old Infants' Object Categorization

Published on: April 19, 2017

6.7K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience
  • Visual Perception

Background:

  • Real-world object identity is better recalled than simple features.
  • Meaningful objects can improve memory for associated low-level features like color.
  • The impact of encoding format (sequential vs. simultaneous) on this object-feature memory link is not well understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether the encoding format affects memory for colors associated with meaningful objects.
  • To determine if sequential or simultaneous presentation influences working memory for object identity versus object color.
  • To explore how encoding format interacts with object meaningfulness in visual working memory.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized uniquely controlled stimuli: randomly colored silhouettes of recognizable vs. unrecognizable scrambled objects.
  • Participants viewed four stimuli either simultaneously or sequentially.
  • A two-alternative forced-choice task assessed recall of either colors or shapes after a short delay.

Main Results:

  • Replicated findings that meaningful stimuli enhance color working memory.
  • No difference in color memory performance between sequential and simultaneous encoding.
  • Sequential presentation led to better shape (identity) memory compared to simultaneous presentation.

Conclusions:

  • Encoding format flexibly impacts visual working memory depending on the specific feature being recalled.
  • While object meaningfulness aids color memory regardless of encoding, object identity memory benefits from sequential presentation.
  • These findings highlight the interplay between stimulus meaningfulness, feature type, and encoding strategy in visual working memory.