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Related Concept Videos

Ureters01:22

Ureters

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The ureters are retroperitoneal tubes located on either side of the vertebral column. They are responsible for transporting urine from each kidney to the urinary bladder. These tubes have thick walls and are approximately 25-30 cm long. Their diameter is around 10 mm at the renal pelvis, gradually narrowing to 1 mm as the ureter obliquely enters the posterior bladder wall through the ureteric orifices. The shape of these orifices is slit-like, which helps to prevent urine backflow toward the...
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Urinary Tract Calculi V: Nursing Management01:28

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AssessmentSubjective Data: Obtain a detailed health history, including any recent or chronic urinary tract infections, periods of immobilization, previous episodes of renal calculi, and medical conditions such as gout, benign prostatic hyperplasia, or hyperparathyroidism. Review the medication history for drugs that may influence stone formation, including allopurinol, analgesics, loop diuretics, or thiazide diuretics. Document the use of long-term indwelling catheters and any past surgical...
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The Micturition Reflex01:26

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Urination, or micturition involves the coordination of the bladder's detrusor muscle and two sphincters to ensure controlled bladder emptying.
The process begins with bladder filling, where the bladder wall stretches as urine accumulates. This stretching activates the urine storage reflex, mediated by the sacral spinal segments and the pontine storage center. Efferent sympathetic impulses stimulate the detrusor muscle to relax and the internal urethral sphincter to contract, facilitating...
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Procedures for Kidney StonesMedical intervention is necessary when kidney stones or renal calculi are too large to pass spontaneously (typically greater than 5 millimeters) when stones are accompanied by symptomatic infection (such as fever or pyelonephritis), when they impair kidney function, or when they cause persistent symptoms like severe pain, nausea, or urinary retention. Additionally, patients with only one kidney or those who cannot be treated with medical management also require...
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Urinary Tract Calculi III: Medical Management01:30

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The diagnosis of renal calculi involves several imaging techniques, including non-contrast CT scans and ultrasound. These methods help visualize kidney stones, assess their size and location, and detect possible obstructions. Additionally, Measuring urine pH is useful for diagnosing specific stone types, such as struvite (alkaline pH) and uric acid stones (acidic pH). Cystine stones are primarily linked to cystinuria, a genetic condition. A urinalysis helps detect blood in the urine (hematuria)...
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Drugs for Peptic Ulcer Disease: Prostaglandin Analogs as Mucosal Protective Agents

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The gastric mucosa produces prostaglandins E2 (PGE2) and prostacyclin (PGI2), crucial in maintaining gastric health. They exert cytoprotective effects, including increasing bicarbonate secretion, releasing protective mucin, reducing gastric acid output, and preventing harmful vasoconstriction. These effects are mediated through various receptors, such as EP1, EP2, EP3, and EP4.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 11, 2025

An Immature Murine Model of Reversible Unilateral Ureteral Obstruction
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Published on: April 4, 2025

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Peristalsis prevents ureteral dilation.

Kourosh Kalayeh1, J Brian Fowlkes2, Haotian Xie3

  • 1Department of Urology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.

Neurourology and Urodynamics
|November 14, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Dysfunctional ureteral peristalsis, lacking sufficient amplitude or longitudinal motion, can cause retrograde urine flow. This may lead to urinary stasis and ureteral dilation, especially under elevated bladder pressure.

Keywords:
fluid mechanicsmegaureterperistalsisrefluxureterureteral dilation

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Area of Science:

  • Urology
  • Biophysics
  • Mathematical Modeling

Background:

  • The etiology of ureteral dilation in primary nonrefluxing, nonobstructing megaureters remains unclear.
  • Impaired ureteral peristalsis is a suspected contributing factor, but its normal function is not well-defined.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the mechanics of ureteral peristalsis using mathematical modeling.
  • To investigate how peristaltic dysfunction, including insufficient amplitude and lack of longitudinal motion, contributes to peristaltic reflux and potential ureteral dilation.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a two-dimensional (planar) mathematical model of ureteral peristalsis based on lubrication theory.
  • Treated ureteral peristalsis as an infinite train of sinusoidal waves.
  • Analyzed antegrade and retrograde urine flow under varying bladder-kidney pressures and peristaltic conditions.

Main Results:

  • A minimum peristaltic amplitude is necessary to prevent peristaltic reflux.
  • Ureteral wall longitudinal motion significantly reduces the required peristaltic amplitude and decreases refluxing volumetric flow rates.
  • Elevated bladder pressure increases the required peristaltic amplitude for reflux prevention and exacerbates refluxing volumetric flow rates.

Conclusions:

  • Absence of ureteral wall longitudinal motion and/or insufficient peristaltic amplitude promotes peristaltic reflux and retrograde flow.
  • Retrograde flow may cause urinary stasis and urine accumulation, leading to ureteral dilation and increased infection risk.
  • Chronically elevated bladder pressures increase susceptibility to reflux and subsequent ureteral dilation.