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Related Concept Videos

Spindle Assembly02:50

Spindle Assembly

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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
In most cells, centrosomes are the primary microtubule nucleation centers. In the centrosome-mediated pathway, the G2-prophase transition triggers centrosome maturation and increased microtubule nucleation. Progressive nucleation results in a...
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The Mitotic Spindle02:27

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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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The Spindle Assembly Checkpoint02:19

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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
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Attachment of Sister Chromatids02:57

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As cells progress into mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down, and the condensed chromosomes are exposed to the array of bipolar microtubules of the mitotic spindle. The kinetochore, a large, disc-shaped protein complex, is present at the centromere region of the sister chromatids and acts as a binding site for the microtubules.  Usually, the plus-end of a single microtubule is embedded within the kinetochore. However, some kinetochores first establish lateral contact with the side-wall...
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Positioning the cell division plane is a critical step during development and cell differentiation, particularly during mitosis when the plane is essential for determining the size of the two daughter cells. The cell division plane is perpendicular to the plane of chromosome segregation, but different types of organisms have different cell division mechanisms to suit their morphology and function. 
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Use of Time-Lapse Microscopy and Stage-Specific Nuclear Depletion of Proteins to Study Meiosis in S. cerevisiae
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Spindle architecture constrains karyotype in budding yeast.

Jana Helsen1,2, Hashim Reza3, Ricardo Carvalho1

  • 1Cell Biology and Biophysics, European Molecular Biology Laboratory; Heidelberg, 69117, Germany.

Biorxiv : the Preprint Server for Biology
|November 14, 2023
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Summary

Chromosome fusions in budding yeast are tolerated until cells have fewer than five centromeres. This limit triggers the spindle assembly checkpoint, impacting cell division and karyotype evolution.

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Genetics
  • Evolutionary Biology

Background:

  • Eukaryotic cell division requires precise chromosome duplication and segregation.
  • Genome karyotype, or chromosome number, can change rapidly during evolution.
  • The mechanisms by which cell division machinery adapts to karyotypic changes are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how the cell division machinery senses and responds to changes in chromosome number.
  • To determine the tolerance limits of chromosome fusions in budding yeast.
  • To identify the molecular mechanisms underlying the response to significant karyotypic alterations.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a series of budding yeast strains with progressively fused chromosomes.
  • Employed cell biological profiling to assess cell division dynamics.
  • Applied genetic engineering and experimental evolution techniques.
  • Analyzed kinetochore-microtubule attachments and spindle assembly checkpoint activation.

Main Results:

  • Chromosome fusions are generally well-tolerated up to a critical threshold.
  • Budding yeast strains with fewer than five centromeres exhibit defects in kinetochore-microtubule attachments.
  • Reduced attachments trigger the spindle assembly checkpoint, leading to prolonged metaphase.
  • Spindle architecture imposes constraints on the extent of karyotype evolution.

Conclusions:

  • The number of centromeres and resulting spindle attachments are critical for maintaining cell division fidelity.
  • Spindle assembly checkpoint activation serves as a key response to insufficient kinetochore-microtubule interactions.
  • Spindle architecture acts as a fundamental constraint on the evolutionary trajectory of genome karyotypes.