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Related Concept Videos

Acute Pharyngitis01:30

Acute Pharyngitis

722
Introduction
Acute pharyngitis is the inflammation of the back of the throat (pharynx), commonly resulting in a sore throat. It is a frequently encountered condition that prompts individuals to seek medical advice.
Classification
Acute pharyngitis can be categorized based on its underlying cause:
722
Chronic Pharyngitis01:23

Chronic Pharyngitis

2.4K
Chronic pharyngitis refers to persistent inflammation of the pharyngial mucosa.
Etiology
It often arises from persistent viral or bacterial infections affecting sinuses and tonsils.
Additional contributing factors include inadequate dental hygiene, mouth breathing, recurring tonsillitis, allergic rhinitis, laryngopharyngeal reflux, and exposure to smoke, chemicals, and other environmental pollutants. Allergic reactions to pollen, mold, and pet dander, chronic cough, excessive voice usage,...
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Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview01:16

Drugs Used in Upper Respiratory Disorders: Overview

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Upper respiratory tract disorders, including viral infections and allergic rhinitis, cause significant discomfort and disrupt daily life. Managing these conditions involves a variety of drugs, such as antihistamines, intranasal steroids, decongestants, antitussives, expectorants, and mucolytics. Specific examples of drugs in each category are provided.
Antihistamines (e.g., Benadryl) block histamines from binding. Histamines are chemicals released during an allergic reaction in the body. As a...
260
Common Respiratory Disorders01:31

Common Respiratory Disorders

590
Respiratory disorders, a prevalent health concern globally, are generally divided into two primary categories: upper and lower respiratory tract disorders. The categorization is based on the area of the respiratory system they affect.
Upper respiratory disorders impact the airways above the vocal cords, encompassing areas like the nose, sinuses, and throat. Various conditions fall under this category, including the common cold and allergic rhinitis. These disorders can stem from several causes,...
590
Tonsillitis I: Introduction01:30

Tonsillitis I: Introduction

272
Tonsillitis is inflammation of the tonsils, which are two lymphoid tissue masses at the back of the throat. This condition can cause discomfort and irritation in the throat.
Etiology
Three primary contributing factors have been identified.
272
Epistaxis01:30

Epistaxis

171
Epistaxis, or nosebleeds, occurs when small, swollen blood vessels in the nasal mucous membrane rupture. Typically, the anterior septum is the primary site of occurrence.
Etiology
Possible causes of this condition include high blood pressure, trauma, low humidity, upper respiratory tract infections, allergies, foreign bodies, nasal inhalation of corticosteroids or illicit drugs, excessive use of decongestant nasal sprays, facial or nasal surgery, anatomic malformation, tumors, or systemic...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 10, 2025

Infection of Primary Nasal Epithelial Cells Grown at an Air-Liquid Interface to Characterize Human Coronavirus-Host Interactions
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Infectious disease for the rhinologist.

Lu Hui Png1,2, Dorothy Hui Lin Ng3, Neville Wei Yang Teo1

  • 1Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Singapore.

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery
|November 24, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Recent literature highlights COVID-19-associated olfactory dysfunction (OD) and its variant dependence. Research also explores fungal infections and the sinonasal microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

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Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Sinonasal infections involve complex interactions between viral, fungal, and bacterial pathogens.
  • Recent advancements have shed light on the sequelae of COVID-19 and the role of the nasal microbiome in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS).

Conclusions:

  • Sequelae of COVID-19, particularly OD, present ongoing treatment challenges.
  • Further research into OD mechanisms and treatments is crucial for post-COVID-19 patients and potentially others.
  • More investigation into the nasal microbiome's role in CRS development and treatment is warranted.