Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease

Area of Science:

• Biochemistry
• Pathology
• Nanotechnology

Background:

• Oxidative stress from reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) contributes to diseases like diabetes, obesity, and neurological disorders (Alzheimer's, Parkinson's).
• Accelerated formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs), such as Nε-carboxymethyllysine (CML), is linked to disease progression and involves interactions with receptors for advanced glycation end products (RAGE), creating inflammatory cycles.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of AGE-related chronic diseases, including diabetes and neurological disorders.
• To discuss recent therapeutic developments targeting oxidative stress and AGEs, including antioxidants, AGE breakers, RAGE inhibitors, and novel strategies like single-atom nanozymes.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on the pathogenesis of oxidative stress and AGEs in chronic diseases.
• Analysis of therapeutic strategies, including conventional agents and emerging nanotechnology-based approaches.

Main Results:

• Oxidative stress and AGEs are key contributors to the pathogenesis of various chronic diseases.
• AGE inhibitors, AGE breakers, and RAGE inhibitors are potential therapeutic agents, but their development is hindered by the complexity of AGE formation.
• Single-atom nanozymes offer a novel strategy to attenuate oxidative stress by sequestering ROS and RNS.

Conclusions:

• Targeting oxidative stress and AGEs is crucial for managing chronic diseases.
• Emerging therapeutics, particularly single-atom nanozymes, present promising avenues for treating oxidative stress-related pathologies.
• Further research into AGE formation mechanisms is needed to develop more effective therapies.