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Related Concept Videos

Ziegler–Natta Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:17

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Ziegler–Natta polymerization is another form of addition or chain‐growth polymerization used for synthesizing linear polymers over branched polymers. The catalyst used for polymerization is the Ziegler–Natta catalyst, named after Karl Ziegler and Giulio Natta, who developed it in 1953. This catalyst is an organometallic complex of titanium tetrachloride and triethyl aluminum, with the active form of the catalyst being an alkyl titanium compound. Using the Ziegler–Natta...
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Cationic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism00:57

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The cationic polymerization mechanism consists of three steps: initiation, propagation, and termination. In the initiation step of the polymerization process, the π bond of a monomer gets protonated by the Lewis acid catalyst, which is formed from boron trifluoride and water. The protonation of the π bond generates a carbocation stabilized by the electron‐donating group. In the propagation step, the π bond of the second monomer acts as a nucleophile and attacks the...
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:20

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The polymerization process that involves carbanion as an intermediate is called anionic polymerization. It is also a type of addition or chain-growth polymerization. Anionic polymerization gets initiated by a strong nucleophile such as an organolithium or a Grignard reagent. The most commonly used initiator for anionic polymerization is butyl lithium. Monomers involved in anionic polymerization must possess a vinyl group bonded to one or two electron-withdrawing groups. For instance,...
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Free-Radical Chain Reaction and Polymerization of Alkenes02:35

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The conversion of alkenes to macromolecules called polymers is a reaction of high commercial importance. The structure of the polymer is defined by a repeating unit, while the terminal groups are considered insignificant. The average degree of polymerization represents the number of repeating units in the polymer molecule and is denoted by the subscript n.
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Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism01:04

Anionic Chain-Growth Polymerization: Mechanism

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The mechanism for anionic chain-growth polymerization involves initiation, propagation, and termination steps. In the initiation step, a nucleophilic anion, such as butyl lithium, initiates the polymerization process by attacking the π bond of the vinylic monomer. As a result, a carbanion, stabilized by the electron‐withdrawing group, is generated. The resulting carbanion acts as a Michael donor in the propagation step and attacks the second vinylic monomer, which acts as a Michael...
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Step-Growth Polymerization: Overview01:03

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Step-growth or condensation polymerization is a stepwise reaction of bi or multifunctional monomers to form long-chain polymers. As all the monomers are reactive, most of the monomers are consumed at the early stages of the reaction to form small chains of reactive oligomers, which then combine to form long polymer chains in the late stages. Hence, the reaction has to proceed for a long time to achieve high molecular weight polymers.
Many natural and synthetic polymers are produced by...
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Related Experiment Video

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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level
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Synthesis of Cyclic Polymers and Characterization of Their Diffusive Motion in the Melt State at the Single Molecule Level

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Recent progress on polymerization-induced emission.

Baixue Li1, Bingwen Feng1, Jia Wang2

  • 1College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China.

Luminescence : the Journal of Biological and Chemical Luminescence
|November 28, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This review highlights polymerization-induced emission (PIE), a phenomenon where polymer formation enhances luminescence. It covers PIE mechanisms with and without aromatic rings, offering insights into luminous polymer design and applications.

Keywords:
aggregation-induced emissionclusterization-triggered emissionfunctional polymerspolymerization-induced emission

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Polymer Chemistry
  • Photophysics

Background:

  • Polymeric luminescent materials are of significant interest.
  • The role of polymerization in luminescence, known as polymerization-induced emission (PIE), is underexplored.
  • Understanding PIE is crucial for developing advanced luminous polymers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of recent advances in polymerization-induced emission (PIE).
  • To summarize PIE effects in polymers, focusing on mechanisms involving aromatic rings and those without.
  • To discuss design principles, properties, and applications of luminous polymers.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent scientific literature on polymerization-induced emission.
  • Categorization of PIE based on polymerization components (aromatic vs. non-aromatic) and mechanisms.
  • Selection and analysis of typical examples to illustrate design principles.

Main Results:

  • Summarized recent progress in PIE across various polymerization strategies.
  • Detailed PIE mechanisms, including those involving aromatic rings (one-/two-/multi-component) and those without.
  • Presented examples showcasing design, properties, and potential applications of luminous polymers.

Conclusions:

  • PIE is a critical factor influencing the luminescence of polymeric materials.
  • The review provides a foundation for designing novel luminous polymers with tailored properties.
  • Identified challenges and future perspectives in the field of PIE are discussed.