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General Transcription Factors01:30

General Transcription Factors

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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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Transposons make up a significant part of genomes of various organisms. Therefore, it is believed that transposition played a major evolutionary role in speciation by changing genome sizes and modifying gene expression patterns. For example, in bacteria, transposition can lead to conferring antibiotic resistance. Movement of transposable elements within the genetic pool of pathogenic bacteria can aid in transfer of antibiotic-resistant genetic elements. In eukaryotes, transposons can carry out...
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Tissue-specific transcription factors contribute to diverse cellular functions in mammals. For example, the gene for beta globin, a major component of hemoglobin, is present in all cells of the body. However, it is only expressed in red blood cells because the transcription factors that can bind to the promoter sequences of the beta globin gene are only expressed in these cells. Tissue-specific transcription factors also ensure that mutations in these factors may impair only the function of...
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In 1928, a German botanist Emil Heitz observed the moss nuclei with a DNA binding dye. He observed that while some chromatin regions decondense and spread out in the interphase nucleus, others do not. He termed them euchromatin and heterochromatin, respectively. He proposed that the heterochromatin regions reflect a functionally inactive state of the genome. It was later confirmed that heterochromatin is transcriptionally repressed, and euchromatin is transcriptionally active chromatin.
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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression02:35

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Chromatin is the massive complex of DNA and proteins packaged inside the nucleus. The complexity of chromatin folding and how it is packaged inside the nucleus greatly influences  access to genetic information. Generally, the nucleus' periphery is considered transcriptionally repressive, while the cell's interior is considered a transcriptionally active area. 
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Gene expression is a dynamic process that is significantly influenced by environmental factors. This interaction underlies the complex nature of biological development and the phenotypic differences observed among individuals, even among those with identical genetic makeups. Factors such as radiation, temperature, behavior, nutrition, and stress play pivotal roles in determining how genes are expressed. The concept of the reaction range is central to understanding this interaction. It posits...
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Trans-eQTL hotspots shape complex traits by modulating cellular states.

Kaushik Renganaath1, Frank W Albert1

  • 1Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, & Development, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.

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|November 28, 2023
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Genetic variation influencing gene expression significantly impacts complex traits. Our study reveals that trans-acting regulatory hotspots, not local variations, are key drivers of these connections in yeast growth.

Keywords:
Genetic variationIRA2QTLeQTLmediationpleiotropyquantitative genetics

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Area of Science:

  • Genetics
  • Systems Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Regulatory genetic variation influences gene expression, linking DNA variation to complex traits.
  • The precise causal links between gene expression and complex traits are not well understood.
  • Understanding these connections is crucial for fields ranging from medicine to evolutionary biology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between gene expression and complex growth traits in yeast.
  • To identify the genetic architecture underlying gene expression variation and its impact on complex traits.
  • To elucidate the role of local versus trans-acting regulatory variation in shaping complex traits.

Main Methods:

  • Integration of transcriptomic data with 46 genetically complex growth traits in a yeast cross (Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
  • Analysis of genetic correlations between gene expression and growth traits.
  • Distinguishing the contributions of local regulatory variation versus multiple independent trans-acting loci.

Main Results:

  • Thousands of genetic correlations were identified between gene expression and yeast growth.
  • Local regulatory variation was a minor contributor; trans-acting regulatory loci were the primary source of genetic correlations.
  • Trans-acting regulatory hotspots significantly influenced genetic growth variation and gene expression-growth correlations, affecting numerous genes.

Conclusions:

  • Trans-acting regulatory hotspots are major determinants of complex traits by modulating cellular states.
  • Understanding these hotspots provides insight into how genetic variation translates into phenotypic diversity.
  • This study highlights the importance of non-local regulatory elements in shaping organismal complexity.