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Related Concept Videos

Temperature Measurement Sites01:14

Temperature Measurement Sites

1.7K
A thermometer measures body temperature. The common sites for measuring body temperature are the oral cavity, axillary region, temporal artery, and skin surface, such as the forehead, abdomen, and axilla. True core body temperature is assessed in the rectum, tympanic membrane, pulmonary artery, esophagus, and urinary bladder.
Oral: When assessing oral temperature, the thermometer tip should be placed under the tongue in the posterior sublingual pocket. It offers accurate readings and can be...
1.7K
Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature01:13

Equipments Used to Measure Body Temperature

1.0K
Body temperature can be assessed using various devices and measured in Celsius or Fahrenheit.
Glass-bulb Thermometer:
Glass-bulb thermometers are hollow glass tubes with a bulb tip containing liquid such as ethanol or mercury. Historically, glass bulb mercury thermometers were the standard device to measure body temperature. Today, mercury thermometers are prohibited in many countries due to the hazardous effects of mercury and the risk of exposure if the glass bulb breaks. In general,...
1.0K
Assessing Body Temperature - Oral01:14

Assessing Body Temperature - Oral

745
Here are the steps to accurately measure oral temperature using an electronic thermometer:
Step 1:
Start by practicing proper hand hygiene to prevent the spread of microorganisms.
Step 2:
Take the thermometer out of the charging unit, switch it on, and wait for the ready sign.
Step 3:
Gently slide the probe cover until a click is heard. This simple action prevents cross-contamination and ensures the correct placement of the probe cover.
Step 4:
Instruct the patient to open their mouth and place...
745
Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery01:19

Assessing Body Temperature - Temporal Artery

555
Here is a stepwise guide to assessing the body temperature at the temporal artery using a temporal artery thermometer
Step 1: Perform hand hygiene and don a fresh pair of gloves to prevent cross-infection and ensure patient safety.
Step 2: Explain the procedure to the patient to establish trust. Clear communication establishes trust with the patient, ensures they understand what to expect, promotes cooperation, and enhances comfort during the procedure.  
Step 3: Assess the patient's...
555

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Conformable Wearable Electrodes: From Fabrication to Electrophysiological Assessment
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Self-Assembled and Multilayer-Overlapped ESM-PDA@rGO Nanofilm-Based Flexible Wearable Sensor for Real-Time Body

Hui Zhang1, Yixia Zhang1, Yulin Liu1

  • 1College of Biomedical Engineering Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|November 30, 2023
PubMed
Summary

A new flexible wearable temperature sensor, made from eggshell membrane (ESM) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO), offers real-time human body temperature monitoring. This advanced sensor shows high sensitivity and durability for applications in e-skin and health diagnostics.

Keywords:
conformabilitydopamineeggshell membraneflexible wearable temperature sensorrGO

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Wearable Technology

Background:

  • Continuous, real-time monitoring of human physiological conditions is crucial.
  • Existing wearable sensors often lack the required sensitivity, durability, or conformability for reliable long-term use.
  • There is a need for novel materials and designs for advanced wearable sensing applications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a flexible wearable temperature sensor with enhanced mechanical properties and high performance.
  • To integrate eggshell membrane (ESM) with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) using polydopamine (PDA) polymerization for improved sensor functionality.
  • To evaluate the sensor's capability for real-time monitoring of human body temperature at various locations.

Main Methods:

  • Fabrication of a flexible sensor by integrating ESM with rGO via dopamine (DA) polymerization, forming ESM-PDA@rGO.
  • Characterization of the material's structure, mechanical properties (Young's modulus, tensile strength), and sensing performance.
  • Testing the sensor's sensitivity, linearity, stability, response time, resolution, and durability.
  • Validation of the sensor for real-time monitoring of core and shell body temperatures in diverse conditions.

Main Results:

  • The ESM-PDA@rGO sensor demonstrated a significant increase in Young's modulus (1.8-fold) and tensile strength (1.4-fold) compared to controls.
  • The sensor exhibited excellent temperature sensitivity (-2.23%/°C), good linearity (R² = 0.979), and rapid response times (4-8 s).
  • High resolution (0.1 °C) and long-term durability (10 weeks) were achieved, with insensitivity to bending deformation.
  • The sensor successfully monitored human body temperature in real-time, including core and shell sites, and detected subtle changes during physical activity.

Conclusions:

  • The developed ESM-PDA@rGO flexible sensor offers a promising platform for advanced wearable temperature monitoring.
  • The unique material design provides enhanced mechanical robustness and superior sensing performance.
  • This technology holds significant potential for applications in e-skin, disease surveillance, prediction, and diagnostics.