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Related Concept Videos

Fast Reactions01:27

Fast Reactions

Fast reactions occurring in times shorter than the time needed to mix reactants pose a unique challenge for investigation. In a liquid-phase continuous-flow system, reactants A and B are swiftly pushed into the mixing chamber, where mixing occurs within 1 ms. The reaction mixture then flows through an observation tube, and one measures light absorption to determine species concentrations at various points of the tube. This method is most appropriate when relatively large volumes of reactants...
Batch vs Continuous Culture01:14

Batch vs Continuous Culture

Fermentation is a foundational biotechnological process used to produce pharmaceuticals, biofuels, enzymes, and food additives. Among industrial strategies, batch and continuous fermentation are the two most widely applied. Although both rely on microbial conversion of substrates into desired products, they differ markedly in operation, productivity, and suitability for specific applications.Batch fermentation occurs in a closed system in which nutrient media and inoculum are added at the...
Upstream Processing01:27

Upstream Processing

Upstream processing represents a critical phase in biomanufacturing, wherein biological systems such as microorganisms, mammalian cells, or insect cells are cultivated to produce therapeutic proteins, vaccines, enzymes, or other biologically derived products. This phase encompasses all steps from the selection and genetic manipulation of the production organism to the cultivation of cells in bioreactors under tightly controlled environmental conditions.Host Selection and Genetic OptimizationThe...
Production of Alcohol01:27

Production of Alcohol

Continuous fermentation is a key strategy in industrial ethanol production, particularly when efficiency, scalability, and high yields are essential. This approach allows for uninterrupted operation and optimized resource utilization. The primary feedstock, corn starch, undergoes enzymatic hydrolysis facilitated by α-amylase and glucoamylase. These enzymes break down the starch into fermentable sugars such as glucose, which are readily assimilated by fermentative microorganisms.Fermentation...
Downstream Processing01:29

Downstream Processing

Downstream processing begins once fermentation is complete and involves a series of steps to recover and purify products such as acids, vitamins, antibiotics, or proteins.Cell HarvestingFor example, for intracellular protein-based products, the first step is harvesting the cells. This is typically achieved using centrifugation or filtration to separate the cells from the liquid phase.Cell Disruption for Intracellular ProductsIf the target product is intracellular, the harvested cells must be...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 5, 2026

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid
07:06

Continuous Flow Chemistry: Reaction of Diphenyldiazomethane with p-Nitrobenzoic Acid

Published on: November 15, 2017

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Evolution of Solid Processing Methods in Continuous Flow Technology: Reactive Extrusion.

Jamie A Leitch1, Paul Richardson2, Duncan L Browne3

  • 1Department of Pharmaceutical and Biological Chemistry, UCL, School of Pharmacy, 29-39 Brunswick Square, Bloomsbury, London, WC1N 1AX.

Chimia
|December 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Mechanochemistry and reactive extrusion offer continuous processing solutions for solid and liquid materials, overcoming common flow chemistry issues like precipitation and fouling.

Keywords:
Continuous FlowExtrusionMechanochemistrySolids

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Liquid-based flow reactors often suffer from precipitation, fouling, and blockages, hindering continuous processing.
  • Researchers have explored various innovative solutions to mitigate these challenges in flow chemistry.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review emerging continuous processing techniques.
  • To highlight mechanochemistry and reactive extrusion as viable alternatives to traditional flow reactors.

Main Methods:

  • Review of mechanochemistry as a continuous process.
  • Review of reactive extrusion as a continuous process.
  • Discussion of their application to solid and liquid materials.

Main Results:

  • Mechanochemistry and reactive extrusion can directly process solid and liquid materials.
  • These techniques offer a pathway to circumvent common flow reactor limitations.
  • They enable direct chemical transformations in a continuous manner.

Conclusions:

  • Mechanochemistry and reactive extrusion represent promising continuous processing technologies.
  • These methods address critical challenges faced in traditional liquid-based flow chemistry.
  • Their application expands the scope of continuous synthesis for diverse materials.