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Related Concept Videos

Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

168
Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
168
Longitudinal Research02:20

Longitudinal Research

12.0K
Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
12.0K

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 9, 2025

Symmetric Bihemispheric Postmortem Brain Cutting to Study Healthy and Pathological Brain Conditions in Humans
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Altered brain function and structure pre- and post- COVID-19 infection: a longitudinal study.

Ping Jin1, Feng Cui1, Min Xu1

  • 1Department of Radiology, Hangzhou TCM Hospital Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Stadium Road 453#, Xihu District, Hangzhou City, 310000, Zhejiang Province, China.

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology
|December 4, 2023
PubMed
Summary

COVID-19 infection impacts brain function, altering motor and sensory systems. Neuroimaging reveals changes in brain activity and structure, potentially increasing susceptibility to anxiety and emotional disorders.

Keywords:
Brain functionBrain structureCOVID-19Functional magnetic resonance imagingNeuroimaging

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Radiology

Background:

  • SARS-CoV-2 can infect the brain, causing neurological symptoms.
  • Longitudinal studies on COVID-19's impact on brain function are lacking.
  • Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is used to investigate these effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the longitudinal impact of COVID-19 on brain function using fMRI.
  • To identify changes in brain activity, structure, and connectivity post-infection.

Main Methods:

  • 21 participants underwent resting-state fMRI scans before and after COVID-19 infection.
  • Assessed changes in amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo).
  • Utilized voxel-based morphometry (VBM) for structural analysis and functional connectivity (FC) analysis.

Main Results:

  • Increased ALFF in the paracentral lobe and postcentral gyrus; decreased ALFF in the precuneus.
  • Decreased ReHo in the cerebellar vermis and decreased FC with the postcentral gyrus.
  • Gray matter volume reduction in the left thalamus; negative correlation between precuneus ALFF and anxiety scores.

Conclusions:

  • Neuroimaging alterations may precede clinical symptoms, affecting motor and sensory systems.
  • COVID-19 infection may increase susceptibility to maladaptive responses and emotional disorders.
  • fMRI can detect early functional and structural brain changes associated with COVID-19.