Digital Cognitive Assessment Tests for Older Adults: Systematic Literature Review

The global health pandemic has affected the increasing older adult population, especially those with mental illnesses. It is necessary to prevent cases of cognitive impairment in adults early on, and this requires the support of information and communication technologies for evaluating and training cognitive functions. This can be achieved through computer applications designed for cognitive assessment.

In this review, we aimed to assess the state of the art of the current platforms and digital test applications for cognitive evaluation, with a focus on older adults.

A systematic literature search was conducted on 3 databases (Web of Science, PubMed, and Scopus) to retrieve recent articles on the applications of digital tests for cognitive assessment and analyze them based on the methodology used. Four research questions were considered. Through the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) methodology, following the application of inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 20 articles were finally reviewed.

Some gaps and trends were identified regarding the types of digital applications and technologies used, the evaluated effects on cognitive domains, and the psychometric parameters and personal characteristics considered for validation.

Computerized tests (similar to paper-and-pencil tests) and test batteries (on computers, tablets, or web platforms) were the predominant types of assessments. Initial studies with simulators, virtual environments, and daily-life activity games were also conducted. Diverse validation methods and psychometric properties were observed; however, there was a lack of evaluations that involved specific populations with diverse education levels, cultures, and degrees of technology acceptance. In addition, these evaluations should consider emotional and usability aspects.