Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Self-Discrepancy Theory02:45

Self-Discrepancy Theory

18.3K
One influential perspective on what motivates people's behavior is detailed in Tory Higgin's self-discrepancy theory (Higgins, 1987). He proposed that people hold disagreeing internal representations of themselves that lead to different emotional states.  
18.3K
Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping02:05

Self-Presentation: Self-Monitoring and Self-Handicapping

39.0K
People can go to great lengths to protect their self-image and present themselves in ways that they want others to see them. Sociologist Erving Goffman presented the idea that a person is like an actor on a stage. Calling his theory dramaturgy, Goffman believed that we use “impression management” to present ourselves to others as we hope to be perceived. Each situation is a new scene, and individuals perform different roles depending on who is present (Goffman, 1959). Think about...
39.0K
Retrieval01:12

Retrieval

115
Retrieval is the process of getting information out of memory storage and back into conscious awareness. This ability is essential for daily tasks like brushing hair and teeth, driving to work, and performing job duties. Retrieval occurs in three ways: recall, recognition, and relearning.
Recall involves accessing information without cues, such as during an essay test, where individuals must retrieve facts and concepts from memory unaided. Another example is remembering the name of a colleague...
115
Social Loafing01:37

Social Loafing

34.8K
Another way in which a group presence can affect performance is social loafing—the exertion of less effort by a person working together with a group. Social loafing occurs when our individual performance cannot be evaluated separately from the group. Thus, group performance declines on easy tasks (Karau & Williams, 1993). Essentially individual group members loaf and let other group members pick up the slack. Because each individual’s efforts cannot be evaluated,...
34.8K
Lazarus's Cognitive Appraisal Theory01:20

Lazarus's Cognitive Appraisal Theory

244
Cognitive psychologist Richard Lazarus proposed the cognitive-mediational theory of emotions, which emphasizes how individuals' assessments of stressors significantly affect their experience of stress. According to Lazarus, the stress response is determined by a two-step appraisal process: primary appraisal and secondary appraisal. These cognitive appraisals help individuals evaluate the potential impact of a stressor and determine the adequacy of their coping resources.
Primary Appraisal:...
244
Metacognition01:26

Metacognition

166
Metacognition is a conscious process where individuals are aware of their cognitive and executive processes, such as planning before solving a problem or self-monitoring during reading. For instance, a writer may need help with composing a piece. The situation involves a writer who is working on a piece of writing, but while doing so, they realize that something is missing. They notice that their characters lack depth or details. This realization occurs because the writer is reflecting on their...
166

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Controllable Lewis Base-Catalyzed Three-Component Domino Reactions of Dioxazolones, Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) Carbonates, and Alcohols/Amines.

Organic letters·2026
Same author

Discovery of a potential novel pharmacogenomic biomarker on ANK3 gene for liafensine, a triple reuptake inhibitor for treatment-resistant depression.

Translational psychiatry·2026
Same author

Tuina Alleviates Pain Associated with Lumbar Disc Herniation by Regulating Functional Connectivity Between Inferior Frontal Triangularis and Multiple Brain Networks: A Randomized Controlled fMRI Study.

Journal of pain research·2026
Same author

Construction of SnO<sub>2</sub>/Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> Z-type heterojunction for photocatalytic degradation of humic acid under sunlight.

Environmental research·2026
Same author

The hazards and resource utilization of construction and demolition waste.

Journal of environmental management·2025
Same author

Dual-Bionic Wearable Platform with Neighborhood Electrochemical Biosensor and Janus Fabric for Unidirectional Sweat Sampling and Analysis.

Advanced healthcare materials·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

8.0K

How task difficulty and academic self-efficacy impact retrieval practice guidance.

Chenchen Liao1, Jinkun Zhang2

  • 1Students' Mental Health Center, Minnan University of Science and Technology, Quanzhou, China.

Frontiers in Psychology
|December 11, 2023
PubMed
Summary

Retrieval practice guidance (RPG) improves learning by increasing retrieval, especially for difficult tasks. Academic self-efficacy (ASE) enhances persistence with retrieval practice, benefiting self-regulated learning.

Keywords:
academic self-efficacyguidanceretrieval practiceself-regulated learningtask difficulty

More Related Videos

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal
06:45

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Published on: April 18, 2017

6.2K
Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
12:55

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Published on: September 27, 2020

8.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory
07:59

Using Practice Testing, Public Speaking, and Source Monitoring to Examine the Influences of Learning Strategies and Stress on Episodic Memory

Published on: June 14, 2019

8.0K
Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal
06:45

Task Interruption and Resumption Paradigm for Testing the Activation and Pursuit of an Abstract Thinking Goal

Published on: April 18, 2017

6.2K
Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties
12:55

Multimodal Protocol for Assessing Metacognition and Self-Regulation in Adults with Learning Difficulties

Published on: September 27, 2020

8.5K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Educational Psychology
  • Learning Sciences

Background:

  • Retrieval practice enhances learning but is underutilized in self-regulated learning.
  • Explicit retrieval practice guidance (RPG) can improve learning outcomes.
  • The influence of task difficulty and academic self-efficacy (ASE) on RPG effectiveness is under-researched.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate how task difficulty and academic self-efficacy (ASE) moderate the effects of retrieval practice guidance (RPG).
  • To understand the interplay between RPG, task difficulty, ASE, and learning performance.

Main Methods:

  • Experiment 1: Participants studied tasks of varying difficulty with and without RPG.
  • Experiment 2: Participants with differing ASE levels learned tasks under RPG conditions.
  • Measured retrieval practice frequency, task persistence, and learning outcomes.

Main Results:

  • RPG enhanced learning by increasing retrieval practice.
  • Participants engaged in more retrieval for more difficult tasks.
  • High ASE individuals demonstrated greater persistence in retrieval practice across tasks.

Conclusions:

  • Task difficulty influences retrieval practice decisions.
  • ASE is a key factor in sustained retrieval practice.
  • Findings have implications for optimizing RPG in educational settings to support self-regulated learning.