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Catalytic hydrogenation of alkenes is a transition-metal catalyzed reduction of the double bond using molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. The mode of hydrogen addition follows syn stereochemistry.
The metal catalyst used can be either heterogeneous or homogeneous. When hydrogenation of an alkene generates a chiral center, a pair of enantiomeric products is expected to form. However, an enantiomeric excess of one of the products can be facilitated using an enantioselective reaction or an...
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Alkenes are converted to 1,2-diols or glycols through a process called dihydroxylation. It involves the addition of two hydroxyl groups across the double bond with two different stereochemical approaches, namely anti and syn. Dihydroxylation using osmium tetroxide progresses with syn stereochemistry.
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A reduction-oxidation reaction is commonly called a redox reaction. In a redox reaction, electrons are transferred from one species to another rather than being shared between or among atoms. The reducing agent or reductant is the species that loses electrons and gets oxidized in the process. The species that gains electrons and gets reduced in the process is the oxidizing agent or oxidant. Redox reactions are represented as two separate equations called half-reactions, where one equation...
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In a galvanic cell, the electrical work is done by a redox system on its surroundings as electrons produced by the spontaneous redox reactions are transferred through an external circuit. Alternatively, an external circuit does work on a redox system by imposing a voltage sufficient to drive an otherwise nonspontaneous reaction in a process known as electrolysis. For instance, recharging a battery involves the use of an external power source to drive the spontaneous (discharge) cell reaction in...
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Redox Titration: Other Oxidizing and Reducing Agents01:26

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Besides iodine, other oxidizing or reducing agents can serve as titrants in redox titrations. Common oxidizing titrants include KMnO4, cerium(IV), and K2Cr2O7. The choice of oxidizing titrants depends on factors like stability, cost, analyte strength, and reaction rate between the analyte and titrant. KMnO4 is a strong oxidizing titrant that reduces from Mn(VII) to Mn(II) in a highly acidic solution, simultaneously oxidizing the analyte to a higher oxidation state. In this case, KMnO4 acts as a...
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Updated: Jul 8, 2025

Synthesis and Performance Characterizations of Transition Metal Single Atom Catalyst for Electrochemical CO2 Reduction
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Electrochemical gold redox catalysis for selective oxidative arylation.

Shuyao Zhang1, Xiaohan Ye1, Lukasz Wojtas1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, United States.

Green Synthesis and Catalysis
|December 18, 2023
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a novel electrochemical method for synthesizing gold(III) intermediates, enabling efficient aryl-aryl and Sonogashira-type couplings under mild conditions without external oxidants.

Keywords:
ArylationElectrochemistryGold redox catalysisOxidative coupling

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Area of Science:

  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry
  • Catalysis

Background:

  • Gold catalysis offers unique reactivity but often requires harsh conditions or stoichiometric oxidants.
  • Electrochemical methods provide a sustainable alternative for redox catalysis, minimizing waste and improving control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel electrochemical approach for generating key gold(III)-aryl intermediates.
  • To demonstrate the utility of these intermediates in C-C bond formation reactions, specifically di-aryl and Sonogashira-type couplings.

Main Methods:

  • Combination of arylboronic acid transmetallation with cationic gold(I) complexes and electrochemical anodic oxidation (EAO).
  • In-situ generation and subsequent reaction of the Au(III)-aryl intermediate with arylboronic acids or alkynes.

Main Results:

  • Successfully prepared a transient Au(III)-aryl intermediate using the developed electrochemical method.
  • Achieved rapid and controllable di-aryl coupling and sp2-sp Sonogashira-type coupling products under mild conditions.
  • The process operates without the need for external oxidants, showcasing the electrochemical approach's efficiency.

Conclusions:

  • The developed electrochemical method significantly expands the scope and versatility of gold redox catalysis.
  • This approach offers a mild, efficient, and oxidant-free pathway for synthesizing valuable organogold intermediates and C-C coupled products.