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Related Concept Videos

Angle of Twist: Problem Solving01:13

Angle of Twist: Problem Solving

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An electric motor applies a torque of 700 N·m to an aluminum shaft, triggering a stable rotation. Two pulleys, B and C, are subjected to torques of 300 N·m and 400 N·m, respectively. The modulus of rigidity is provided as 25 GPa. With the knowledge of the length and diameter of each segment, the twist angle between the two pulleys can be computed. First, a section cut is made between pulleys B and C, and the cut cross-section is analyzed using a free-body diagram. Given that the...
275
Angle of Twist - Elastic Range01:13

Angle of Twist - Elastic Range

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Consider a cylindrical shaft with a length denoted by L and a consistent cross-sectional radius referred to as r. This shaft undergoes a torque at the free end. The highest shearing strain within the shaft is directly proportional to the twist angle and the radial distance from the shaft axis. When the shaft behaves elastically, this shearing strain can be articulated using variables such as the applied torque, radial distance, the polar moment of inertia, and the modulus of rigidity. By...
291
Standing Waves in a Cavity01:28

Standing Waves in a Cavity

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A household microwave and lasers are examples of standing electromagnetic waves in a cavity. When two conducting metal plates are placed parallel at the nodal planes, it creates a cavity where standing waves are formed. The cavity between the two planes is analogous to a stretched string held at the points x = 0 and x = L. Here, the distance 'L' between the two planes must be an integer multiple of half of the wavelength. The wavelengths that satisfy this condition are given by:
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Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview01:12

Two-Dimensional (2D) NMR: Overview

676
The 1D NMR spectrum of large and complex molecules like natural products has complicated splitting patterns and overlapping signals, which can be easily interpreted using 2-dimensional (2D) NMR. Unlike 1D NMR, 2D NMR has two frequency axes that provide the coupling information between the nucleus A and nucleus B in a molecule. The process from which 2D spectra are obtained has four steps.
The first step is the preparation period, during which nucleus A is excited with a radiofrequency pulse....
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Phase Diagram01:19

Phase Diagram

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The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).
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Updated: Jul 7, 2025

High-Contrast and Fast Photorheological Switching of a Twist-Bend Nematic Liquid Crystal
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Twist Phase Matching in Two-Dimensional Materials.

Hao Hong1,2, Chen Huang1, Chenjun Ma1

  • 1State Key Laboratory for Mesoscopic Physics, Frontiers Science Center for Nano-optoelectronics, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, China.

Physical Review Letters
|December 22, 2023
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers developed twist-phase-matching (twist-PM) using 2D materials to control light. This novel method enables efficient nonlinear optical processes with enhanced flexibility and polarization control in compact crystals.

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Area of Science:

  • Nonlinear Optics and Photonics
  • Materials Science
  • Condensed Matter Physics

Background:

  • Efficient optical parametric processes rely on precise phase matching between interacting light waves.
  • Conventional phase matching techniques, such as birefringence and periodic polarization, have limitations in flexibility and material compatibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce a novel phase-matching mechanism in two-dimensional (2D) materials.
  • To demonstrate the potential of interlayer twist angles in 2D material assemblies for nonlinear optical applications.

Main Methods:

  • Investigated the nonlinear geometric phase induced by interlayer twist angles in vertically assembled 2D materials.
  • Developed the 'twist-phase-matching' (twist-PM) model for designing optical crystals.
  • Fabricated and characterized a nonlinear optical crystal using twisted rhombohedral boron nitride films.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated a new twist-PM regime enabled by the nonlinear geometric phase from interlayer twists.
  • Achieved second-harmonic generation with approximately 8% conversion efficiency in a 3.2 μm thick crystal.
  • Exhibited facile polarization controllability, a feature lacking in conventional nonlinear optical crystals.

Conclusions:

  • The twist-PM model offers superior flexibility in designing optical crystals with tunable properties.
  • This methodology enables the rational design and atomic manufacturing of advanced nonlinear optical devices using 2D materials.
  • The approach opens new avenues for creating compact and efficient optical components.