Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 7, 2025
Post-Movie Subliminal Measurement PMSM, for Investigating Implicit Social Bias
Published on: February 29, 2020
Women's motivation towards Pap smear screening based on sexual and screening status: A cross-sectional study using
Rodziah Romli1,2, Rahana Abd Rahman3, Syahnaz Mohd Hashim4
1Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Introduction:
Cervical cancer remains a reproductive health burden. Pap smear (PS) screening can detect cervical cancer early but is underused despite being subsidized. Motivational factors play a role in promoting PS screening. This study aimed to determine the women's motivation toward PS screening based on Protection Motivation Theory (PMT), which mainly focused on sexual and screening status.
Materials And Methods:
The study was conducted electronically throughout Malaysia from January to February 2022 by disseminating Google Form (https://forms.gle/cD7fkUKYR4Cq6kZC8) via multiple WhatsApp groups to reach 526 women aged 21-65 years. The questionnaire consists of 24 items based on seven PMT constructs [perceived vulnerability, perceived severity, self-efficacy, response efficacy, fear (threat appraisal), response costs (coping appraisal), and protection motivation]. The descriptive statistics and independent t-test was used to analyze data using IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 25.
Results:
Most respondents were sexually active [80.6% (n = 424)] and have heard of PS screening [95.8% (n = 504)]. More than half of respondents did not have PS screening in the last three years [59.3% (n = 312)]. Sexually active women have heard and have undergone PS screening feel less threatened with low coping appraisals. Undergoing PS screening made women perceived more response efficacy (P =. 011), more self-efficacy (P <. 001), and higher protection motivation (P <. 001) toward PS screening.
Conclusions:
Women's motivation related to PS screening needs to be highlighted. Future development of health education strategy should include motivation focused in emphasizing the threat and coping appraisal into educational plan to ensure women come forward for screening.
Related Concept Videos
01:24Primary Motives: Sleep, Sex, and Pain Avoidance
Sleep is a fundamental physiological drive that fosters a state of restfulness crucial for several bodily functions. It facilitates body restoration, the process by which the body repairs, rejuvenates, and maintains itself during sleep, including memory...
01:06Natural Selection and Mating Preferences
Females, due to their biological roles in conception, pregnancy, and nursing,...
01:25Models of Health Promotion and Illness Prevention I
The health belief model (HBM) attempts to predict health-related behavior in specific belief patterns. According to the HBM, a person's...
03:34Theory of Romantic Attachment in Adulthood
01:23Criticisms of the Evolutionary Perspective
Evolutionary psychology provides one explanation for these findings, suggesting...
01:27Secondary Motives: Power Motivation and Achievement Motivation
Power motivation is characterized by the desire to influence, control, or have an impact on others. It is shaped by an individual's experiences, social environment, and cultural context. People with high power motivation are...