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Researchers developed a new interface strategy for solid-state sodium metal batteries. This approach enhances sodium anode stability and uniform deposition, improving battery performance and safety by preventing dendrite formation.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Solid-State Chemistry

Background:

  • NASICON-type sodium conductors offer high performance and safety for solid-state sodium metal batteries (SSSMBs).
  • Interfacial issues and sodium dendrite growth hinder the practical application of NASICON-based SSSMBs.
  • Developing stable interfaces is crucial for advancing SSSMB technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To address interfacial incompatibility and sodium dendrite hazards in NASICON-based SSSMBs.
  • To engineer a gradient interphase layer for enhanced sodium anode performance.
  • To improve the cycling stability and safety of solid-state sodium metal batteries.

Main Methods:

  • A conversion-alloy reaction strategy was employed to create a gradient interphase.
  • The interphase consists of sodium-tin (Na-Sn) alloy and sodium fluoride (NaF) between the NASICON electrolyte and Na anode.
  • Characterization of the interphase structure and electrochemical performance evaluation of symmetric cells and full cells.

Main Results:

  • A gradient sodiophilic and electron-blocking interphase was successfully constructed.
  • The Na-Sn alloy layer facilitated sodium-ion transport, while the NaF layer blocked electrons.
  • The critical current density (CCD) of Na symmetric cells increased to 1.7 mA cm⁻², with stable cycling for 1200 hours at 0.5 mA cm⁻².
  • Uniform and dendrite-free sodium deposition was achieved during cycling.
  • Quasi-solid-state sodium batteries with Na3V2(PO4)3 and NaNi1/3Fe1/3Mn1/3O2 cathodes showed excellent electrochemical performance.

Conclusions:

  • The proposed interface strategy effectively mitigates interfacial issues and sodium dendrite formation in NASICON-based SSSMBs.
  • The gradient interphase enhances sodium anode stability and electrochemical performance.
  • This approach shows significant promise for the development of high-performance and safe solid-state sodium metal batteries.