Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jul 6, 2025

Homogeneous Glycoconjugate Produced by Combined Unnatural Amino Acid Incorporation and Click-Chemistry for Vaccine Purposes
Published on: December 19, 2020
Nitro Biosciences:: Enhancing immune response via an expanded genetic code
Neil Butler1, Aditya Kunjapur1
1Co-founders, Nitro Biosciences; University of Delaware, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering.
Novel vaccine development is crucial for public health, especially with rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Nitro Biosciences is creating next-generation vaccines using an expanded genetic code to enhance immunogenicity and target challenging diseases.
Area of Science:
- Vaccinology and Infectious Disease Research
- Synthetic Biology and Genetic Engineering
Background:
- Many infectious diseases lack effective vaccines, imposing a significant global health burden.
- The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) threatens current treatment capabilities.
- There is an urgent need for innovative vaccine strategies to address unmet medical needs and combat emerging health threats.
Purpose of the Study:
- To introduce a novel platform for developing next-generation vaccines.
- To address diseases for which clinically approved vaccines are currently unavailable.
- To leverage an expanded genetic code for enhanced vaccine efficacy.
Main Methods:
- Utilizing an expanded genetic code to precisely modify antigens.
- Enhancing antigen immunogenicity through targeted genetic modifications.
- Developing a platform for next-generation vaccine creation.
Main Results:
- The platform enables the broadening of targetable antigens for vaccine development.
- Precisely modified antigens demonstrate enhanced immunogenicity.
- Potential for creating efficacious vaccines where previous efforts have failed.
Conclusions:
- The developed platform offers a promising approach to next-generation vaccine development.
- Harnessing an expanded genetic code can overcome limitations in current vaccine technology.
- This approach holds potential for addressing diseases with unmet vaccine needs and combating AMR.
Related Concept Videos
The Central Dogma
RNA is the Missing Link Between DNA and Proteins
In the early 1900s, scientists discovered that DNA stores all the information needed for cellular functions and that proteins perform most of these functions. However, the mechanisms of converting genetic information into functional proteins remained unknown for many years. Initially, it was believed that a single gene is...
What is Genetic Engineering?
Diversity of Antigen Receptors
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
B Cell Activation and Differentiation
When naive B cells encounter a specific antigen that can bind to the B cell receptor (BCR) on their surface, they undergo sensitization to respond to the antigen's presence. Sensitization begins with...
Transgenic Organisms
Cell-mediated Immune Responses

