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Updated: Jul 5, 2025
Muscle Imbalances: Testing and Training Functional Eccentric Hamstring Strength in Athletic Populations
Published on: May 1, 2018
Hamstring and knee injuries are associated with isometric hip and trunk muscle strength in elite Australian Rules and
Martin Hajek1, Morgan D Williams2, Matthew N Bourne1
1School of Health Sciences and Social Work, Griffith University, Australia; Griffith Centre of Biomedical and Rehabilitation Engineering (GCORE), Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Australia.
Objectives:
This study investigated relationships between isometric trunk and hip extensor strength, lumbar muscle morphology, and the risk of hamstring and knee ligament injuries in Australian Football League and National Rugby League players.
Design:
Prospective cohort study.
Methods:
Trunk and hip extensor strength, multifidus and quadratus lumborum cross-sectional area were measured during the 2020 pre-season. Logistic regressions and decision trees were employed to explore associations between maximum strength, strength endurance, multifidus and quadratus lumborum cross-sectional area, age, previous injuries, and hamstring and knee ligament injury risk.
Results:
Greater strength endurance [odds ratio = 0.42 (0.23-0.74), p = 0.004] and maximum strength [odds ratio = 0.55 (0.31-0.94), p = 0.039] reduced hamstring injury risk. Increased risk of knee ligament injuries was associated with larger multifidus [odds ratio = 1.66 (1.14-2.45), p = 0.008] and higher multifidus to quadratus lumborum ratio (odds ratio = 1.57 (1.13-2.23), p = 0.008]. Decision tree models indicated that low strength endurance (< 99 Nm) characterised hamstring strains, while high (≥ 1.33) multifidus to quadratus lumborum ratio mitigated risk. Knee ligament injuries were associated with larger (≥ 8.49 cm2) multifidus, greater (≥ 1.25) multifidus to quadratus lumborum ratio, and lower maximum strength (< 9.24 N/kg).
Conclusions:
Players with lower trunk and hip extensor maximum strength and strength endurance had increased risk of hamstring injuries, while knee ligament injury risk was elevated with larger multifidus cross-sectional area, higher multifidus to quadratus lumborum ratio, and lower maximum trunk and hip extensor strength.
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