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Mutations

Mutations

Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
While point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in...

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Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Inactivation of Pathogens via Visible-Light Photolysis of Riboflavin-5′-Phosphate

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Published on: April 6, 2022

Mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 Inactivation Using UVC Laser Radiation.

George Devitt^1,2,3, Peter B Johnson^1,3, Niall Hanrahan^1,3

¹School of Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences, University of Southampton, Highfield, Southampton SO17 1BJ, United Kingdom.

|January 22, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ultraviolet C (UVC) light effectively inactivates SARS-CoV-2 by damaging its RNA and spike protein, preventing viral entry. This chemical-free disinfection method offers a promising solution for preventing the spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.

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Last Updated: Jul 5, 2025

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Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment

Selective Area Modification of Silicon Surface Wettability by Pulsed UV Laser Irradiation in Liquid Environment

Published on: November 9, 2015

Area of Science:

Microbiology
Biophysics
Photochemistry

Background:

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a significant global health threat.
Chemical-free disinfection methods are crucial for preventing transmission via surfaces and aerosols.
Ultraviolet C (UVC) light shows potential for pathogen inactivation.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the efficacy of UVC radiation in inactivating SARS-CoV-2.
To elucidate the mechanisms by which UVC light inactivates the virus.
To assess the impact of UVC on the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and its interaction with human ACE2.

Main Methods:

Exposure of SARS-CoV-2 to UVC laser radiation at 266 nm.
Quantification of viral inactivation efficiency at different UVC doses (50 mJ/cm² and 75 mJ/cm²).
Characterization of UVC-induced damage to viral RNA and spike (S) protein structure and function, including binding to human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2).

Main Results:

A UVC dose of 50 mJ/cm² achieved 99.89% inactivation of SARS-CoV-2.
Infectious virions were undetectable (>99.99% inactivation) at 75 mJ/cm².
UVC radiation damages viral RNA and severely impairs the S protein's ability to bind hACE2 by disrupting its conformation and aromatic amino acid integrity.

Conclusions:

UVC light is a highly effective method for inactivating SARS-CoV-2.
UVC-induced damage to the spike protein is a key mechanism for viral inactivation.
These findings support the development of UVC-based disinfection systems for controlling SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens.