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The most basic experimental design involves two groups: the experimental group and the control group. The two groups are designed to be the same except for one difference— experimental manipulation. The experimental group gets the experimental manipulation—that is, the treatment or variable being tested—and the control group does not. Since experimental manipulation is the only difference between the experimental and control groups, we can be sure that any differences between...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Large-Scale SARS-CoV-2 Testing Utilizing Saliva and Transposition Sample Pooling
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COVID-19 test-to-stay program for K-12 schools: Opt-in versus opt-out consent model.

Anton Ivanov1, Ujjal Kumar Mukherjee1,2, Subhonmesh Bose3

  • 1Department of Business Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL 61821, USA.

Iscience
|January 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary

The opt-out enrollment model for COVID-19 Test-to-Stay (TTS) in schools significantly boosts testing rates and lowers infection positivity. Adopting opt-out could save 20% of lost school days.

Keywords:
Research methodology social sciencesSocial sciencesSystem management

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Area of Science:

  • Public Health
  • Epidemiology
  • Education Policy

Background:

  • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommended the Test-to-Stay (TTS) program to maintain in-person K-12 schooling during the COVID-19 pandemic.
  • TTS involves regular testing of students and staff to mitigate infection transmission risks.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To compare the impact of opt-in versus opt-out consent models on testing and positivity rates within the TTS program.
  • To evaluate the potential benefits of widespread adoption of the opt-out model.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of data from 259 K-12 schools in Illinois.
  • Statistical comparison of testing and positivity rates between opt-in and opt-out enrollment strategies, controlling for relevant covariates.

Main Results:

  • Schools utilizing the opt-out model showed an 84% higher testing rate compared to opt-in.
  • The opt-out model was associated with a 30% lower positivity rate.
  • Higher testing rates in opt-out schools appear to be a key factor in reducing positivity, suggesting status quo bias.

Conclusions:

  • The opt-out enrollment approach for school-based COVID-19 testing programs is more effective in increasing participation and reducing infection rates.
  • Universal adoption of the opt-out model could significantly reduce school days lost due to the pandemic, potentially saving 20% of total lost days.