Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Valence Bond Theory02:42

Valence Bond Theory

8.6K
Coordination compounds and complexes exhibit different colors, geometries, and magnetic behavior, depending on the metal atom/ion and ligands from which they are composed. In an attempt to explain the bonding and structure of coordination complexes, Linus Pauling proposed the valence bond theory, or VBT, using the concepts of hybridization and the overlapping of the atomic orbitals. According to VBT, the central metal atom or ion (Lewis acid) hybridizes to provide empty orbitals of suitable...
8.6K
Complexometric Titration: Ligands00:43

Complexometric Titration: Ligands

952
Different monodentate and polydentate ligands are used as complexing agents in complexometric titration reactions. The formation of complexes by mono- and bidentate ligands involves two or more intermediate steps, limiting their use as complexing agents. In comparison, polydentate ligands can form complexes with metal ions in a single-step process, facilitating sharper end points. This means polydentate ligands, such as amino carboxylic acid derivatives, are most commonly employed in...
952
Colors and Magnetism03:02

Colors and Magnetism

11.7K
Color in Coordination Complexes
When atoms or molecules absorb light at the proper frequency, their electrons are excited to higher-energy orbitals. For many main group atoms and molecules, the absorbed photons are in the ultraviolet range of the electromagnetic spectrum, which cannot be detected by the human eye. For coordination compounds, the energy difference between the d orbitals often allows photons in the visible range to be absorbed and emitted, which is seen as colors by the human...
11.7K
Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes02:58

Crystal Field Theory - Octahedral Complexes

26.5K
Crystal Field Theory
To explain the observed behavior of transition metal complexes (such as colors), a model involving electrostatic interactions between the electrons from the ligands and the electrons in the unhybridized d orbitals of the central metal atom has been developed. This electrostatic model is crystal field theory (CFT). It helps to understand, interpret, and predict the colors, magnetic behavior, and some structures of coordination compounds of transition metals.
CFT focuses on...
26.5K
EDTA: Chemistry and Properties01:22

EDTA: Chemistry and Properties

1.9K
Polydentate ligands are most widely used in complexometric titrations because they form more stable complexes with the metal ions than mono- or bidentate ligands due to the chelate effect. Examples of polydentate ligands are ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA), crown ethers, and cryptands. The most important feature of optimal polydentate ligands is the ability to form 1:1 complexes in a single-step process. Amino carboxylic acid derivatives are frequently used as complexing agents. EDTA is...
1.9K
Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect01:19

Complexation Equilibria: The Chelate Effect

518
In complexation reactions, metal atoms or cations interact with ligands to form donor-acceptor adducts called metal complexes. Ligands that bind through one donor site are monodentate, ligands with two donor sites are bidentate, and those with more than two donor sites are polydentate ligands. For example, ethylene diamine is a bidentate ligand that binds through two nitrogen donor atoms, forming a five-membered ring. EDTA is a polydentate ligand that binds through four oxygen and two nitrogen...
518

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Isolation of an Np<sup>4+</sup> σ-benzyl complex.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026
Same author

A Ce<sup>4+</sup> Aluminum Hydride Complex.

Journal of the American Chemical Society·2026
Same author

Direct Stereospecific Deoxyamination of Alcohols Enabled by Li-Mediated SuFEx.

Organic letters·2026
Same author

Investigation of metal identity on the structure and electronic properties of dinuclear Mn and Co complexes with triaryl tetradentate ligands.

Dalton transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)·2026
Same author

Leveraging Chelating Amido Ligands to Support Metal-Metal Bonding in Dinuclear Cr(II) Complexes.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

A C≡C Triple Bond as a Structural Anchor of Planar Pentacoordinate Carbon.

The journal of physical chemistry. A·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes
10:10

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes

Published on: July 28, 2018

6.5K

Volatile lanthanide complexes with fluorinated heptadentate ligands.

Joshua C Zgrabik1, Balaka Bhuniya1, Thomas Branstad Phillips1

  • 1Department of Chemistry, The University of Iowa, E331 Chemistry Building, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA. scott-daly@uiowa.edu.

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|January 24, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Ligand fluorination in lanthanide complexes does not always increase volatility. Metal encapsulation ensures consistent volatility across different lanthanide ions, with crystal packing influencing overall intermolecular interactions.

More Related Videos

Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
13:21

Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: July 21, 2011

15.0K
Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals
07:24

Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals

Published on: April 14, 2020

17.2K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jul 5, 2025

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes
10:10

Application of Elemental Lanthanides in the Selective C-F Activation of Trifluoromethylated Benzofulvenes Providing Access to Various Difluoroalkenes

Published on: July 28, 2018

6.5K
Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging
13:21

Preparation, Purification, and Characterization of Lanthanide Complexes for Use as Contrast Agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Published on: July 21, 2011

15.0K
Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals
07:24

Hyperspectral Imaging as a Tool to Study Optical Anisotropy in Lanthanide-Based Molecular Single Crystals

Published on: April 14, 2020

17.2K

Area of Science:

  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Organometallic Chemistry
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Volatility of lanthanide complexes is crucial for gas-phase separations and thin-film synthesis.
  • Ligand design impacts volatility by controlling coordination sphere saturation and intermolecular forces.
  • Assessing electronic effects on volatility is challenging due to these factors.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Synthesize and characterize volatile lanthanide complexes with varied N4O3 ligands.
  • Investigate the influence of alkyl and fluoroalkyl substituents on complex volatility.
  • Determine how ligand structure and fluorination affect lanthanide complex volatility.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of lanthanide complexes with N4O3 ligands bearing CF3, CF2CF2CF3, Me, and tBu groups.
  • Single-crystal X-ray diffraction to determine 7-coordinate distorted capped octahedral structures.
  • Thermogravimetric analysis and bulk sublimation to assess thermal properties and volatility.

Main Results:

  • Monomeric, 7-coordinate lanthanide complexes (Nd, Er, Yb) were formed, fully encapsulating the metal ions.
  • Complexes exhibited consistent volatility irrespective of lanthanide ion size (Nd3+ vs. Yb3+).
  • Increased ligand fluorination did not consistently enhance volatility; its effect depended on substituent placement and crystal packing.

Conclusions:

  • Metal encapsulation by N4O3 ligands leads to size-independent volatility in lanthanide complexes.
  • Ligand fluorination's impact on volatility is complex, influenced by steric and electronic factors within the crystal lattice.
  • Density functional theory modeling revealed that overall intermolecular interactions in the unit cell are key determinants of volatility.