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    This study introduces fuzzy coding with metasurfaces for single-pixel imaging, enabling high-speed light modulation. This novel approach enhances robustness against movement and rotation for improved imaging performance.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Metasurface Technology
    • Computational Imaging

    Background:

    • Single-pixel imaging offers high sensitivity and resolution but requires advanced light modulation.
    • Megahertz modulation rates are crucial for high-speed optical research.
    • Existing methods face challenges with detector accuracy during dynamic conditions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present a novel single-pixel imaging scheme using fuzzy coding of metasurfaces.
    • To develop a new mask generation mode for high-speed spatial light modulation.
    • To enhance the robustness of single-pixel imaging systems against positional changes.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilizing fuzzy coding techniques applied to metasurface units.
    • Adjusting pixel count within metasurface units to manipulate mask pattern quality.
    • Expanding metasurface units to mitigate position sensitivity during movement or rotation.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated a new fuzzy coding method for metasurfaces in single-pixel imaging.
    • Analyzed the reconstruction quality of fuzzy masks.
    • Simulated single-pixel imaging performance with a moving fuzzy-coded metasurface.

    Conclusions:

    • The fuzzy coding of metasurfaces offers a new approach for high-speed spatial light modulation.
    • This technique improves the detector's ability to collect light intensity during sub-mask transitions, even with movement.
    • The proposed method enhances the practicality and robustness of single-pixel imaging systems.