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Related Concept Videos

Surveys02:16

Surveys

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Often, psychologists develop surveys as a means of gathering data. Surveys are lists of questions to be answered by research participants, and can be delivered as paper-and-pencil questionnaires, administered electronically, or conducted verbally. Generally, the survey itself can be completed in a short time, and the ease of administering a survey makes it easy to collect data from a large number of people.
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Reliability and validity are two important considerations that must be made with any type of data collection. Reliability refers to the ability to consistently produce a given result. In the context of psychological research, this would mean that any instruments or tools used to collect data do so in consistent, reproducible ways.
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Healthcare Agencies II01:17

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There are various healthcare agencies in the United States—some of which are managed by religious institutions and others by different government branches.
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The World Health Organization (WHO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations based in Geneva. The WHO has many initiatives that center around health. Primarily, they lead global efforts to expand universal health coverage using science-based policies and programs. They are also responsible for shaping health research agendas and developing norms and standards.
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There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jul 4, 2025

Glycomics-Guided Glycoproteomics Facilitates Comprehensive Profiling of the Glycoproteome in Complex Tumor Microenvironments
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A PASSAGE TO AMERICA: UNIVERSITY FUNDING AND INTERNATIONAL STUDENTS.

John Bound1, Breno Braga2, Gaurav Khanna3

  • 1Department of Economics, University of Michigan - Ann Arbor, and NBER.

American Economic Journal. Economic Policy
|February 2, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Public research universities increased international student enrollment to offset declining state funding. A 10% cut in state appropriations correlated with a 16% rise in foreign students between 1996-2012.

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Area of Science:

  • Higher Education Studies
  • Economics
  • Public Policy

Background:

  • U.S. public research universities experienced significant growth in international undergraduate enrollment over the past two decades.
  • This period coincided with substantial decreases in state funding for these institutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between declining state appropriations and the rise in international student enrollment at U.S. public research universities.
  • To determine if international students were utilized as a revenue source to mitigate budget shortfalls.

Main Methods:

  • Econometric analysis of enrollment and state funding data for U.S. public research universities.
  • Estimation of the correlation between changes in state appropriations and international student enrollment figures.

Main Results:

  • A statistically significant inverse relationship was found between state appropriations and international student enrollment.
  • An estimated 10% reduction in state funding was associated with a 16% increase in international undergraduate enrollment between 1996 and 2012.

Conclusions:

  • Public research universities strategically increased international student enrollment to compensate for reduced state financial support.
  • The increasing global demand for U.S. higher education enabled universities to recover lost revenue through full-fare paying international students.