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Related Concept Videos

Diffusion01:21

Diffusion

4.1K
Diffusion is a type of passive transport. In passive transport, a substance tends to move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until the concentration is equal across the space. For example, take the diffusion of substances through the air. When someone opens a perfume bottle in a room filled with people, the perfume is at its highest concentration in the bottle and is at its lowest at the edges of the room. The perfume vapor will diffuse, or spread away, from the...
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Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model01:15

Theories of Dissolution: Diffusion Layer Model

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Dissolution, the process by which drug particles dissolve in a solvent, is explained by the diffusion layer model, a theoretical framework that simulates the absorption of oral drugs and allows us to analyze experimental data.
This process starts with a thin layer, saturated with the drug, forming at the interface between the solid and liquid. The solute then diffuses from this layer into the main solution. The Noyes-Whitney equation suggests that the rate of dissolution relies on the diffusion...
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Osmosis01:30

Osmosis

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Osmosis is the movement of free water molecules through a semipermeable membrane.  The water's concentration gradient across the membrane is inversely proportional to the solutes' concentration. Whereas diffusion transports material across membranes and within cells, osmosis transports only water across a membrane, and the membrane limits the diffusion of solutes in the water. Osmosis is a special case of diffusion.
Water, like other substances, moves from a high concentration of...
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Facilitated Diffusion01:16

Facilitated Diffusion

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The plasma membrane, a critical structure in cellular biology, houses an array of transporters, or carrier proteins, interspersed within its lipid bilayer. These proteins play a crucial role in solute transport through facilitated diffusion, a form of passive diffusion that uses transporters to move the molecules across the membrane.
In this process, substrates such as organic compounds and ions interact with a transporter on one side, triggering conformational changes in proteins that enable...
475
Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics01:17

Passive Diffusion: Overview and Kinetics

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Passive diffusion is a critical process that allows small lipophilic drugs to cross the cell membrane along a concentration gradient. This mechanism's efficiency depends on four primary factors: the membrane's surface area, the drug's lipid-water partition coefficient, the concentration gradient, and the membrane's thickness.
When administered orally, drugs establish a substantial concentration gradient between the gastrointestinal (GI) lumen and the bloodstream, expediting...
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Protein Diffusion in the Membrane01:24

Protein Diffusion in the Membrane

4.4K
Proteins show rotational as well as lateral diffusion across the membrane. The lateral diffusion of proteins was confirmed through the cell fusion experiment where mouse and human cells were fused, resulting in hybrid cells. When the human and mouse cells fused, the specific membrane proteins on human and mouse cells were marked with the red and green-fluorescent markers, respectively. Initially, the red and green fluorescence was located on the respective hemisphere of the cell. As time...
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A Silicon-tipped Fiber-optic Sensing Platform with High Resolution and Fast Response
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An ocean of diffusible information.

Ashley M Stein1, Steven J Biller1

  • 1Wellesley College, Department of Biological Sciences, Wellesley, MA 02481, USA.

Trends in Genetics : TIG
|February 3, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Marine bacteria exchange genetic information using protected extracellular DNA (peDNA). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are key facilitators for this horizontal gene transfer in dilute ocean environments.

Keywords:
extracellular vesiclegene transfer agenthorizontal gene transfervirus

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Area of Science:

  • Marine microbiology
  • Molecular biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Free-living marine bacteria inhabit dilute environments with limited cell-to-cell contact.
  • Horizontal gene transfer (HGT) is crucial for bacterial adaptation and evolution.
  • Understanding HGT mechanisms in marine bacteria is essential for microbial ecology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of protected extracellular DNA (peDNA) in marine bacterial HGT.
  • To identify the mechanisms by which marine bacteria exchange genetic material in dilute conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Exploration of marine 'protected extracellular DNA' (peDNA).
  • Analysis of the role of extracellular vesicles (EVs) in genetic material transfer.

Main Results:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are identified as significant contributors to marine HGT.
  • peDNA plays a vital role in protecting extracellular genetic material.

Conclusions:

  • Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a primary mechanism for horizontal gene transfer in marine bacteria.
  • Protected extracellular DNA (peDNA) facilitates genetic exchange in dilute oceanic settings.